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INPUT DEVICES
Input devices are used to capture
data into the computer or an
information processing system
An input device is any piece of
computer hardware equipment
Examples cntd
2. Control Unit
Main/Primary Memory
The primary memory of CPU is the place
where computer program and data is stored
during processing.
This storage unite is often called either main
memory or primary memory.
There two types primary memory
RAM (Random Access Memory)
ROM (Read Only Memory)
RANDOM ACCESS
MEMORY(RAM)
This is the section of the memory
that is used to store data and
information currently in use and it
the memory that is immediately
accessible to the user
This type of memory enhances
the speed of the computer
The computer cannot function
without RAM
RAM
Since RAM is volatile, as soon as the
power is switched off, all the
information in the RAM is lost
Features OF RAM
It holds the data and instructions
currently in use
Information in this memory can be read,
written, and changed
It is volatile
Size of Memory
The computer represents all data
using just two numbers 1s and 0s.
These are called binary digits, or
bits.
bit
1 or 0
byte
8 bits
Kilobyte
1024 bytes
1,048,576 bytes
Output devices
Output devices are basically used
to get Information from the
Computer.
These are devices that display or
output work done by a computer
in a meaningful or readable format
STORAGE DEVICES
Storage devices are used to keep
or store information for later use.
Information processed by the CPU
is saved onto a storage device.
The Information can then be
retrieved later for use again
There are two types of storage
devices used in computers;
Hard disks
Floppy Disks
Data Cartridges
CD-ROM
Magnetic Disks
Zip Disks
Flash Memory/Memory stick
Interface Devices
An interface device (IDF) is a
hardware component or
system of components that
allows a human being to
interact with a computer, a
telephone system, or other
electronic information system
Centralised Computer
System
In a centralised Computer system, the
central computer does all the
processing and storage of data.
The centralised computer controls all
operations and workstations are for
data input and output
ADVANTAGES OF A CENTRALISED
SYSTEM
The main advantages are:
easy to manage, less personnel costs.
one computer is enough to support several
information systems in the company
Centralised management of all users,
processes, applications, backups and security
Has lower costs of ownership
Centralised file storage
Disadvantages of A centralised
system
When the Central Computer goes
down, everyone in the company
will be down as well.
There is also risk of data loss
when data is controlled at the
central position
DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS
What is a distributed system?
Andrew Tannenbaum defines it as follows:
A distributed system is a collection of independent
computers that appear to its users as a single
coherent system.
A simpler definition would be as follows
A distributed system is a collection of independent
computers that are used jointly to perform a single
task or to provide a single service.
THE ADVANTAGES OF
DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS
Cost. Better price/performance
Performance. By using the combined
processing and storage
capacity of many nodes, performance
levels can be reached that are out of the
scope of centralised machines
Advantages cntd.
Scalability. Resources such as
processing and storage capacity can
be increased incrementally
Reliability. By having redundant
components, the impact of hardware
and software faults on users can be
reduced
Disadvantages cntd.
Software complexity. Distributed
software is more complex and
harder to develop than
conventional software hence, it is
more expensive and harder to get
right
Distributed systems are hard to
build and understand
Advantages Of Client/Server
Systems
Scalability
+Easy to add new resources
Centralised Resources
+All data stored in one location
+Easier to backup files and data
+Easier to find files and data
Efficient
+Software optimised for multiple users
+Hardware optimised for multiple users
COMPUTER SOFTWARE
Computer Software
The term Computer Software refers
to a set of instructions given to the
computer to perform a specific task.
The set of instructions is called a
computer program.
The user needs to understand some
software concepts to be able to
interact with the computer
Categories of Software
There are two types of Software:
SYSTEMS SOFTWARE
APPLICATIONS SOFTWARE
Computer Components
(Software)
System Software
Programs that control the operations of
the computer and its devices
Example is the Operating Systems e.g.
Microsoft XP
Application Software
Specific programs that are used to
perform specific tasks
Examples are Microsoft Word, Microsoft
PowerPoint etc
SYSTEMS SOFTWARE
OPERATING SYSTEMS
The most important system software package
for any computer is its operating system. An
operating system is an integrated system of
programs that:
Manages the operations of the CPU
Controls the input/output and storage resources
and activities of the computer system
Provides various support services as the
computer executes the application programs of
users.
Trend
Moving Away From:
The entry of brief end user commands,
and choices from menus of options
Moving Towards:
Easy-to-use graphical user interface
(GUI), which uses icons, bars, buttons,
boxes, and otherimages relying on
pointing devices, like the electronic
mouse or trackball to make selections
that help you get things done.
Resource Management
An operating system uses a variety of
resource management programs to
manage the hardware and networking
resources of the computer system,
including its:
CPU
Memory
Secondary Storage Devices
Telecommunications processors
Input/Output Peripherals
File Management
File management programs of an operating
system:
Control the creation, deletion, and access
of files of data and programs.
Keep track of the physical location of files
on magnetic disks and other secondary
storage devices, such that each application
program is running independently at the
same time.
Task Management
Task management programs of an
operating system:
Manage the accomplishment of the
computing tasks of end users.
Allocate CPU time to tasks and
interrupt tasks being executed to
substitute other tasks.
May involve a multitaskingcapability
where tasks of several programs can
process at the same time.
MS-DOS
Windows 95/200/Vista/XP/7/8
Linux
Unix
APPLICATION
SOFTWARE
Application Software
What is application software?
Types of Application
Software
Proprietary
Designed to solve a unique and specific
problem
In-house
Development of application software using
the companys resources
Contract
Developed for a particular company
Off-the-shelf
An existing software program that can be
used without considerable changes
expected
Application
software
Proprietary
software
In-house
developed
Off-the-shelf
software
Customized
package
Contract
In-house
customized
Contract
customization
Standard
package
Application Software
How is software distributed?
Packaged software
Custom software
Shareware,
distributed free for
trial period
Freeware, copyrighted
software provided at
no cost
Public-domain
software, freeware
with no copyright
restrictions
Business Software
Business Software
What is word processing software?
Business Software
What is presentation graphic software?
Business Software
What is a software suite?
AAcollection
collectionof
ofindividual
individual
applications
applicationssold
soldas
as
aasingle
singlepackage
package
Two
Twomajor
majoradvantages:
advantages:
lower cost
ease of use
SOFTWARE SUITES
These are a combination of the most
widely used application packages that
come bundled together.
They include suites such as
Microsoft Office,
Lotus SmartSuite,
Corel WordPerfect Office,
Suns Star Office.
Business Software
What is project management software?
video
audio
graphical
images
animation
organize
manage
maintain
Web pages
and/or
Web sites
FTP
Chat rooms
Newsgroups
Video
conferencing
Instant
messaging
Self-directed, self-paced
instruction on a topic
on the Web