EXAMPLE 9.

2 Part I
PCI Bridge Design Manual
BULB T (BT-72)
THREE SPANS, COMPOSITE DECK
LRFD SPECIFICATIONS
Materials copyrighted by Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute, 2011. All rights reserved. Unauthorized
duplication of the material or presentation prohibited.

BRIDGE LAYOUT - Longitudinal

Continuous for Live Load

BRIDGE LAYOUT Cross Section

DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS

LRFD 5th Edition (2010)

HL-93 Truck Loading
No Skew
Composite Deck

DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS
Concrete:
fc = 7.0 ksi @ 28 days
fci = 5.5 ksi @ release
wc = 0.150 kcf
Ecb = 33000w1.5 (fc)0.5 (LRFD 5.4.2.4)
= 33000(0.150)1.5(7.0)0.5 = 5072 ksi

Prestressing Steel:
GR 270 (fpu = 270 ksi; fpy = 243 ksi)
strand (Ap = 0.153 in2 / strand)
Ep = 28500 ksi

DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS

Mild Steel
GR 60 (fy = 60 ksi)
Es = 29000 ksi

Future Wearing Surface

2 thick
wws =0.150 kcf

Barriers
New Jersey type
0.300 k/ft

DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS
Deck
7.5 Structural thickness
0.5 wearing surface
Total thickness = 8
fc = 4.0 ksi @ 28 days
wc = 0.150 kcf
Ecs = 33000w1.5 (fc)0.5 (LRFD 5.4.2.4)
= 33000(0.150)1.5(4)0.5 = 3 834 ksi

Note LRFD uses kip, inch, foot units

in formulae

CONTINUOUS FOR LL PRECAST BRIDGES

Precast beams are made in a factory

and shipped to site. The beam is set on
simple supports beam carries self
weight and prestressing force as a
simple beam.

CONTINUOUS FOR LL PRECAST BRIDGES

The deck is formed and poured. Since the

beams are NOT shored, the beams carry the
deck load as simple beams.

CONTINUOUS FOR LL PRECAST BRIDGES

The deck is cast continuous over the piers. When the
deck hardens, a continuous structure is formed. The
negative moment connection is usually made with
non-prestressed steel over the piers. Thus, the
negative moment region is conventionally
reinforced.

CONTINUOUS FOR LL PRECAST BRIDGES

Once the deck hardens and continuity is
established, any superimposed dead load
(asphalt surfaces, barriers, utilities) is carried by
the beams as a continuous structure.
All live load is carried as a continuous structure.

CONTINUOUS FOR LL PRECAST BRIDGES

After the slab is poured, the beams will

continue to creep and shrink;
cambering up.
Temperature will also cause camber.
Positive moments will form causing
cracking.

CONTINUOUS FOR LL PRECAST BRIDGES

A positive moment connection is

required. The requirements for this will
be discussed later. (LRFD 5.14.1.4)

CONTINUOUS FOR LL PRECAST BRIDGES

It is thought that creep and shrinkage

will redistribute dead load, so some
states design using simple spans for all
dead load and assuming a continuous
bridge for live load only.
Some states completely ignore the
continuity and design as simple span
for all loads.

DESIGN SPANS

Beams:
Overall Length
110 ft. end spans
119 ft center span

Design Spans Simple Span beam

109 ft. end spans
118 ft. center span

Design Spans Continuous Beam

110 ft. end spans
120 ft. center span

PROPERTIES OF BT-72
2
A = 767 in.
h = 72 in.
I = 545 894 in.

yb = 36.60 in.
yt = 35.40 in.
3

Sb = 14 915 in.
3
St = 15 421 in.
w = 0.799 k/ft

PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITE
BT-72
Ecs = 3834 ksi

Ecb = 5072 ksi (prev. defined)

Modular ratio: n = Ecs /Ecb = 3834/5072 = 0.7559

LRFD 4.6.2.6.1 (NEW IN 2009):

The effective flange width is now the TRIBUTARY AREA:

bf = 144 inches

PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITE
BT-72

Note: inch haunch

assumed.
Shaded area is transformed.

PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITE BT-72

Transformed Flange Width =

(Effective Flange Width)*n = 144(0.756)= 108.9 in.

Transformed Flange Area = 108.9(7.5) = 816.8 in

Note: only 7.5 of deck thickness is structural.

PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITE
BT-72
Haunch assumed over BT-72 flange width to account for differential camber in the beams.

Transformed Haunch Width = 0.756(42) = 31.75 in.

2
Transformed Haunch Area = 31.75(0.5) = 15.87 in

PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITE BT-72

Atr

yb

Ayb

A(ybc-yb)2

in2

in.

in.3

in.4

in.4

767.00

36.60

28072

325484

545894

871378

Haunch 15.87

72.25

1147

3601

3601

Deck

816.8

76.25

62280

296420

3829

300249

Sum

1599.7

Beam

91500

ybc = 91500/1599.7 = 57.20 in.

(distance to bottom of composite)

I+A(ybc-yb)
in.4

1175230

PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITE BT-72

Ac = 1599 in

4
Ic = 1175230 in
hc = 80 in.
ybc = 91477/1599.4 = 57.20 in.
(distance to bottom of composite)
ytc = 80 57.20 = 22.80 in.
(distance to top of composite)
ytg = 72 57.20 = 14.80 in.
(distance from composite neutral axis to top of beam)

PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITE
BT-72
Composite Section Modulus to Bottom:
.3
Sbc = Ic / ybc = 1175230 /57.20 = 20545 in

Composite Section Modulus to Top of Composite:

3
Stc = Ic /nytc = 1175230/(0.756*22.8) = 68180 in.

Note: 1/n converts stress in transformed concrete to stress in actual concrete.

Composite Section Modulus to Top of Beam:

3
Stg = Ic / ytg = 1175230 /14.8 = 79400 in.

DEAD LOADS - DC
DC Applied to precast only.

Beam self weight w g = 0.799 kip/ft.

Slab weight include integral wearing surface.

w s = (8/12/ft)(12 ft.)(0.150 kcf) = 1.20 kip/ft

Haunch
w h = (0.5/12)(42/12)(0.150 kcf) = 0.022 kip/ft

DEAD LOADS - DC
DC Applied to composite section. To determine if the barrier weight and the
future wearing surface can be equally distributed, the following must be met
(LRFD 4.6.2.2.1):

1)
2)
3)
4)

Width of deck constant

OK

Number of beams > 4

OK

Curvature < specified in 4.6.2.1.4 OK straight

Cross section matches one given in LRFD Spec. table 4.6.2.2.1-1 OK type
k

DEAD LOADS - DC
5)

The overhang of the roadway, from the outside of the web, de < 3.0 ft.

de = 3 ft OK

Def. of de changed in
2008 interim (LRFD 4.6.2.2.1).

DEAD LOADS - DC

DC Applied to composite section

Barrier weight 0.30 kip/ft

w b = 2 barriers (0.3 k/ft) / (4 beams) =

0.150 k/ft/beam

Diaphragm weight assumed steel X braces. Weight ignored in this

example. Typically, they weigh a few hundred pounds.

DEAD LOADS - DW

DW Future wearing surface and utilities.

Future wearing surface 2 @ 0.150 kcf

(2/12)(0.150 kcf) = 0.025 ksf

0.025 ksf (42 roadway width) / 4 beams

= 0.263 k/ft /beam

UNFACTORED DEAD LOADS

All loads are uniform. DL moments and shears on the precast can be found
from:

Vx w 0.5L x
Mx 0.5wx L x

Use overall length at initial (release) condition.

Center to center of bearing at deck placement.

UNFACTORED DEAD LOADS

The shears and moments due to the future wearing surface and the barrier
weight are computed by considering the bridge as a continuous, three span
structure.

The span lengths after continuity is established are center of support to center
of pier for end spans and center of pier to center of pier for the middle span.

Shears and moments can be found using any analysis program or by a hand
calculation.

Unfactored DL Moments

End Spans

Middle
Span

LIVE LOAD DISTRIBUTION FACTORS

To use distribution factors, the following must be met:

1)

Width of deck constant

OK

2)

Number of beams > 4

OK

3)

Curvature < specified in 4.6.2.1.4

4)

Cross section matches one given in LRFD Spec. table 4.6.2.2.1-1

5)

de < 3 ft.

6)

Beams parallel and approximately same stiffness.

OK straight

OK 3 ft.
OK

OK type k

LIVE LOAD DISTRIBUTION

FACTORS - MOMENT
Number of design lanes = integer part of
42 ft. / (12 ft./lane) = 3 lanes
42 ft. is clear roadway width.
Interior Beams (Table 4.6.2.2.2b-1):

TwoLanes

0.6

S S
DFM 0.075

9.5 L
OneLane
0.4

S S
DFM 0.06
14 L

0.2

0.3

Kg

3
12Lts

Kg

3
12Lts

0.1

0.1

LIVE LOAD DISTRIBUTION

FACTORS - MOMENT
To use these factors:

1)
2)
3)
4)

3.5 < S < 16

S = 12 ft.

OK

4.5 < ts < 12

ts = 7.5 in.

OK

20 < L < 240

L = 120 ft.

OK

Nb > 4 beams

Nb = 4 beams OK

Note: Although this is a 3 lane bridge, there is NO reduction to the LL for

multiple presence. The distribution factors already account for multiple
presence.

LIVE LOAD DISTRIBUTION

FACTORS - MOMENT

Kg n I Ae

2
g

Ec
n
Ecs
n = 5072/3834 = 1.3229
eg = (7.5/2)+0.5+35.4 = 39.65
= distance between centroids of beam and slab
A = area of non-composite beam
I = moment of inertia of non-composite beam

LIVE LOAD DISTRIBUTION

FACTORS - MOMENT

Kg n I Ae

2
g

2
Kg = (1.323)[545894 + 767(39.65) ]
4
= 2 317 340 in

LIVE LOAD DISTRIBUTION

FACTORS - MOMENT
TwoLanes
0.6

S S
DFM 0.075

9.5 L
S = 12 ft.
L = 120 ft.
Kg = 2 317 340 in

ts = 7.5

DFM = 0.905 lanes/beam

0.2

Kg

3
12Lts

0.1

LIVE LOAD DISTRIBUTION

FACTORS - MOMENT
OneLane
0.4

S S
DFM 0.06
14 L
S = 12 ft.
Kg = 2 317 340 in

0.3

Kg

3
12Lts

L = 120 ft.
4

DFM = 0.596 lanes/beam

DFM = 0.905 lanes/beam two lanes CONTROLS

ts = 7.5

0.1

LIVE LOAD DISTRIBUTION

FACTORS - SHEAR
Interior Beams:

TwoLanes
S
DFV 0.2
12
OneLane

S

35

S
DFV 0.36
25

LIVE LOAD DISTRIBUTION

FACTORS - SHEAR
To use these factors:

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

3.5 < S < 16

S = 12 ft.

OK

4.5 < ts < 12

ts = 7.5 in.

OK

20 < L < 240

L = 120 ft.

OK

Nb > 4 beams

Nb = 4 beams OK

10 000 < Kg < 7 000 000

Kg = 2 317 340

OK

LIVE LOAD DISTRIBUTION

FACTORS - SHEAR
TwoLanes
S S
DFV 0.2
12 35

OneLane

S
DFV 0.36
25
S = 12 ft.
DFV = 1.082 lanes/beam two lane CONTROLS
DFV = 0.840 lanes/beam one lane