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1-1.Basic principle of PV
Contents
Mechanism of generation
The solar cell is composed of a P-type semiconductor and an N-type
semiconductor. Solar light hitting the cell produces two types of electrons,
negatively and positively charged electrons in the semiconductors.
Negatively charged (-) electrons gather around the N-type semiconductor
while positively charged (+) electrons gather around the P-type
semiconductor. When you connect loads such as a light bulb, electric
current flows between the two electrodes.
Electrode
Reflect-Proof Film
Solar Energy
N-Type Semiconductor
+
+
+
P-Type Semiconductor
Load
Electrode
Electric Current
N
P
Current appears
to be in the
reverse direction ?
Looks like
reverse
A
(A)
Short Circuit
High insolation
Current(I)
Low insolation
IxV=W
(V)
Voltage(V)
about 0.5V
(Silicon)
Open Circuit
5.55A
Depend on cell-size
Standard in
solation 1.0
kWh/m2
Depend on
Solar insolation
4.95A
Depend on
type of cell or
cell-material
( Si = 0.5V )
Current(I)
(V)
Voltage(V)
0.49 V 0.62 V
Single crystal
10 - 17%
Poly crystalline
10 - 13%
Non-crystalline
Solar
Cell
Compound
Semiconductor
Organic
Semiconductor
Amorphous
7 - 10%
18 - 30%
Dye-sensitized Type
7 - 8%
2 - 3%
Single crystal
Poly crystalline
Aluminum Electrode
(Silver colored wire)
To avoid shading,
electrode is very fine.
Front Surface
(N-Type side)
Back surface is Ptype.
All back surface is
aluminum electrode
with full reflection.
Poly crystalline
128W
120W
(26.5V ,
4.8A)
(25.7V ,
4.7A)
1200mm
1200mm
3.93ft
(3.93ft)
800mm 2.62ft
Efficiency is higher
Same size
800mm (2.62ft)
Efficiency is lower
Volt
Ampere
Watt
Size
0.5V
5-6A
2-3W
about 10cm
5-6A
100-200W about 1m
Module 20-30V
Array
about 30m
Array
10 - 50 kW
Module,Panel
100 - 200 W
Cell
23W
6x9=54 (cells)
100-300 (modules)
m22
11kw
kwPV
PVneed
need 10
10 m
Please
remember
(108 feet2)
20m(66feet)
Conference
Room
(We are now)
1.2kW system
Site:
Installation:
Capacity:
Purpose:
10kW array
Funafuti Tuvalu
Feb. in 2008
40kW
Grid connected power supply for fuel conservation
and CO2 reduction.
Mongolia
Solar array
Solar array
Solar array
Controller
Light
Solar array
Storage battery
V
(A)
Ipmax
Current(I)
P1
I/V curve
IxV=W
P2
(V)
Voltage(V)
Vpmax
R 0.05()
(A)
12
PV character
( I/V curve )
10
Current(I)
8
6
ta
s
i
s
Re
4
2
0
0
0.1
0.2
R 0.05()
r
e
t
ac
r
ha
c
e
nc
Ohms theory
V
I
R
I V / 0.05
0.3
0.4
Voltage(V)
0.5
0.6
(V)
P
5A
N
P
Bypass Diode
Mismatch
1A
N
5A
Current(I)
P
Low intensity insolation
5A
1A
Bypass
Diode
N
P
IxV=W
1A
(V)
4A
14
2%
down
Efficiency (%)
12
e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M
Crystalline cell
0.4
0.5 (
10
%/de
g
Amorphous cell
0.25 (%/deg)
8
6
Typical
(25C)
4
0
10
20 30 40 50 60 70
Module Temperature (deg.C)
Summer time
on roof top
(65C)
80
90 100
R 0.02()
N
P
R 0.05()
N
P
R 0.10()
N
V
I
R
12
10
Current(I)
8
6
4
2
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Voltage(V)
0.5
0.6
(V)
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90 100