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Colligative Properties
Solutions are homogeneous mixtures of
two or more substances in a single phase.
Solute substance being dissolved
Solvent dissolving medium
TYPES OF SOLUTIONS
Solute
Solvent
Example
Gas
Gas
Liquid
Gas
Liquid
Liquid
Oxygen in nitrogen
CO2 in H2O (carbonated beverages)
Alcohol in water, ethylene glycol in
water (antifreeze), acetic acid in
water (vinegar)
Liquid
Solid
Solid
Solid
Liquid
Solid
Colloids
Suspensions
Heterogeneous
Heterogeneous
Particle size: 1- Particle size: over
1000 nm,
1000 nm,
dispersed; can be suspended; can
aggregates of
be large particles
large molecules
or aggregates
Do not separate
Particles settle
on standing
out if not
constantly stirred
Cannot be
Can be separated
separated by
by filtration
filtration
Scatter light
May scatter light,
(Tyndall effect) Pagebut
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CLASSES OF COLLOIDS
Class of
colloid
Sol
Gel
Liquid
emulsion
Foam
Solid aerosol
Phases
Example
Solid dispersed in
liquid
Solid network
extending
throughout liquid
Liquid dispersed in
liquid
Gas dispersed in
liquid
Solid dispersed in
gas
Paints, mud
Gelatin
Milk,
mayonnaise
Shaving cream,
whipped cream
Smoke, airborne
particulate
matter, auto
exhaust
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Solutes are
classified
according to the
extent they
dissociate
into ions in aqueous
solutions.
Strong electrolyte:
substance that
dissolves in water to
give a solution that
conducts electricity.
(i.e. salt NaCl)
Weak electrolyte:
less than 50% of
dissolved solute exists
as ions.
(i.e. acetic
acid[vinegar])
Temperature effects
on solubility
http://galileo.phys.virginia.edu
/education/outreach/8thgrades
ol/images/solubility.jpg
Henrys
Law
the solubility of a gas in a liquid is
Directly proportional to the partial
pressure of that gas on the surface of
the liquid.
S1 = S 2
P 1 P2
In carbonated beverages forcing it into solution at
pressure of 5-10 atm increases CO 2 solubility. The
containers are then sealed. When opened, the CO 2
gas escapes as the pressure returns to 1 atm. The
rapid escape of a gas from a liquid in which it is
dissolved is called effervescence.
http://www.4college.co.uk/a/O/solution.gif
http://img.sparknotes.com/figures/0/07cf18f888c9c21f4b45687743b63ac3/solnform.gif
http://images.scran.ac.uk/RB/images/thumb/0934/093
43276.jpg
Fractional
Distillation
Apparatus
knowledgerush.com
Chromatogram
Development
(KB)
Draw a line to
indicate the height of
the solvent front
X the pigments to
find the center
B
C
cee.vt.edu
Mass percent =
mass of component in solution x 100
total mass of solution
ppm
mass of component in solution x 106
total mass of solution
Molarity
number of moles of solute in one liter
of solution. Note that the total
volume of the solution is 1 liter, not
that you add solute to 1 liter of
solvent. The symbol for molarity is
M and usually referred to as an X
molar solution.
Molarity (M) = moles of
solute
liters
of solution
RECIPITATION REACTION
Typically when two
aqueous solutions are
combined and one of the
products is minimally
soluble a PPT is formed
http://boomeria.org/chemlectures/textass2/tableA7.jpg
Ionic equation:
2Na+ (aq) + CO32- (aq) + Ca2+ (aq) +
2NO3- (aq) CaCO3 (s) + 2Na+ (aq)
+ 2NO3- (aq)
Net ionic equation:
Do not include spectator ions.
Colligative Properties
properties that depend on the concentration
of solute particles but not on their identity.
Vapor pressure lowering. Boiling point is
higher and freezing point of a solution is
lower than that of a pure solvent. This is
due to the presence of nonvolatile
solutes. These are substances that have
little tendency to become a gas under
existing conditions.
http://www.au
setute.com.au
/images/gravp
l.gif
Osmo
sis
the diffusion of solvent
http://www.studentsguide.i
n/biology/absorptionmovementimages/diagram-showingrelationship-of-osmoticpressure-turgor-pressurewall-pressure.jpg