UNIT 2:

SYSTEM Models

Software and hardware service layers in distributed systems

Applications, services

Middleware

Operating system
Platform
Computer and network hardware

PLATFORM

The bottom layers (os, computer , network

hardware layers) serve as platform for
distributed applications.
The service provided by these bottom layers
is utilized by higher layers.
Important examples are
Intel X86/linux
Intel X86/Solaries
Intel X86/Windows
Powe PC/Mac OS X

MIDDLEWARE

A piece of software placed between the

application and operating system
The objects or processes in a set of
computers that interact with each other to
carryout communication and resource
sharing support for distributed application
Object oriented middleware products are
CORBA
JAVA RMI
DCOM
WEB SERVICES
ISO/ITU-T REFERENCE MODEL FOR OPEN DISTRIBUTED
PROCESSING
4

Figure 2.1
Generations of distributed systems

Figure 2.2
Communicating entities and communication paradigms

Figure 2.3
Clients invoke individual servers

Client

invocation
result

Client

invocation

Server

result

Server

Key:
Process:

Computer:

Figure 2.4a
Peer-to-peer architecture

Figure 2.4b
A service provided by multiple servers
Service

Server
Client

Server

Client
Server

Figure 2.5
Web proxy server

Web
server

Client
Proxy
server

Web
server

Client

InstructorsGuideforCoulouris,Dollimore,KindbergandBlair,DistributedSystems:ConceptsandDesignEdn.5
PearsonEducation2012

Figure 2.6
Web applets

a) client request results in the downloading of applet code

Client
Applet code

Web
server

b) client interacts with the applet

Client

Applet

Web
server

Figure 2.8
Two-tier and three-tier architectures

12

MOBILE DEVICES

These are hardware computing components that

carry software and are freely movable between
physical locations and networks.
Examples

Laptops,handheld devices, mobile phones,PDA,digital cameras,smart

watches

Spontaneous Interoperation refers to the

variation on the client server model, where the
creation and destruction of connection among
devices take place regularly.
13

Performance issues

Responsiveness
Interactive application user always expect fast and
consistent response

Throughput
It is the rate of completing the computational task

Balancing computational loads

It should enable applications and service processes.

14

Quality of service provided in distributed system

Adaptability and resource availability are

characteristics of service quality.
QOS gets affected by non functional properties
such as reliability , security and performance.
Service quality can be achieved based on
availability

15

Dependebility issues

Fault Tolerance
Ability to continue its function even in presence of faults
that may arise in software, hardware and networks
Reliability can be obtained by means of redundancy

Security
Securing confidentials data from attacks

16

SYSTEM MODELS

IT IS A MODEL USED TO CREATE ACCURATE

ASSUMPTIONS REGARDING THE SYSTEMS
THAT ARE TO BE MODELED.
FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED
SECURITY
SYSTEM THAT IS VULNERABLE TO ATTACKS

INTERACTION
COMMUNICATION AND COORDINATION BETWEEN PROCESS

FAILURE
VULNERABLE TO FAILURE WITH THE OCCURANCE OF FAULT

17

INTERACTION MODEL

Interacting processes are responsible for the

execution of activities in the distributed systems.
Each process has a state that cannot be accesses or
updated by another process.
A state consists of variables and a set of data that
can be updated and accessed by its state.

18

Factors that effect the interacting process

Performance of communication channels the

communication in models takes the place by
implementation of streams by the transmission of
message over the network
There are three performance characteristics
Latency- delay that occurs when message is transmitted from
one process to another.
Jitter-it is the difference in time during the transmission of a
message.
Bandwidth- it is the amount of data that can be transmitted
over a network in a given time period.
19

Factors that effect the interacting process

Variation in time
The processes running on distinct computers can relate
the timestamps with their events.
Clock drift rate is the relative rate at which a computer
clock drifts from an accurate clock that is to be referred.

20

Variants of Interaction Model

Synchronous distributed systems

Based on assumptions of time
System which has known lower and upper bounds
associated with execution of each and every phase of a
process
Transmitted messages are received within bounded time

Asynchronous distributed systems

No assumptions about time
There are no bounds on execution speed of a process
They donot have timingconventions.
21

Failure Model

It defines methods of failure occurences to

facilitate an understanding of failure effects.
Omission failure
Arbitrary failures
Timing failures

22