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Overview
The Navigation Problem
Earlier Approaches
GPS Description
How does GPS Work?
Acknowledgement
Many of the graphical images used in this
talk are courtesy of Peter H. Dana of the
Department of Geography, University of
Texas at Austin http://www.utexas.edu/depts/grg/gcraft/
notes/gps/gps.html
The best web site for GPS
Longitude Problem
No easy way to determine longitude
On July 8, 1714 the Longitude Act was
established in England to solve the
longitude problem
Two solutions were proposed
-- use of stars and moons
-- the time solution
Longitude
Longitude : The True Story of a Lone
Genius Who Solved the Greatest Scientific
Problem of His Time
Dava Sobel
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/longitude/
Longitude
How does this work?
The earth turns 360 degrees in 24 hours:
15 degrees = 1 hour
If you know the time in Greenwich when it
is local noon at your location one can find
your longitude relative to Greenwich
Must know datum reference to use maps
Datum Reference
Satellite Navigation
US Department of Defense has need for
very precise navigation
In 1973, the US Air Force proposed a new
system for navigation using satellites
The system is known as: Navigation System
with Timing and Ranging: Global
Positioning System or NAVSTAR GPS
GSP System
Simply stated: The GPS satellites are nothing
more than a set of clocks in the sky
GPS Segments
Space Segment
Space Segment
GPS Orbits
GPS Orbits
Control Segment
Master Control Station is located at the
Consolidated Space Operations Center
(CSOC) at Flacon Air Force Station near
Colorado Springs
Control Segment
CSOC
Track the satellites for orbit and clock
determination
Time synchronization
Upload the Navigation Message
Manage DOA
Operational Capabilities
Initial Operational Capability - December 8,
1993
Full Operational Capability declared by the
Secretary of Defense at 00:01 hours on
July 17, 1995
GPS Signals
Spread Spectrum
Spread Spectrum is used because
- resistance to jamming
- masks the transmissions
- resist multipath effects
- multiple access
All 24 GPS satellites transmit on the same
two frequencies BUT use a different ID
sequence
GPS Signals
The satellites transmit as part of their
unique Spread Spectrum signal a clock or
timing signal
The range or distance to the satellite is
obtained by measuring how long it takes for
the transmitted signal to reach the receiver
This is not the true range due to clock
errors - what is obtained is know as the
pseudo-range
GPS Position
By knowing how far one is from three
satellites one can ideally find their 3D
coordinates
To correct for clock errors one needs to
receive four satellites
Navigation Message
To compute your position one must know
the position of the satellite
Navigation Message - transmitted on both
L1 and L2 at 50 bits/s for 30 s
Navigation message consists of two parts:
- satellite almanac
- clock bias
Why Do I Need
To See 4 Satellites?
The problem is that the clock signal from
the satellite is corrupted by atmospheric
refraction
Another major problem is that the receivers
clock is not very accurate
For a 2D fix <=> 3 satellites
Why Do I Need
To See 4 Satellites?
Differential GPS
Used to improve accuracy
Put a satellite on the ground at a precise
position
Differential signal is not transmitted on
standard satellite frequencies
Uses of GPS
Airplane and Boat Navigation
Continental Drift
Surveying
Precise Timing
Iceberg Tracking
Archaeological Expeditions
Mobile Multimedia
Conclusion
GPS will find more civilian uses
DOD has promised to eliminate SA
Russia has a system known as GLONASS
The EU is discussing deploying its own
system
References
B. Hofmann-Wellenhof, H. Lichtenegger,
and J. Collins, GPS: Theory and Practice,
Third Edition, Springer-Verlag, 1994.
T. Logsdon, The Navstar Global
Positioning System, Van Nostrand, 1992.
A. Leick, GPS Satellite Surveying, Second
edition, Wiley, 1995.
References
T. A. Herring, "The Global Positioning
System," Scientific American, pp. 44-50,
February 1996.
N. J. Hotchkiss, A Comprehensive Guide to
Land Navigation with GPS, Alexis, 1994.
Special Edition on the Global Positioning
System, Satellite Times, March/April 1996.
D. Sobel, Longitude, Walker, 1995.
Web Sites
GPS Program Office:
http://www.laafb.af.mil/SMC/CZ/homepage/
US Coast Guard Navaigation Center
http://www.navcen.uscg.mil/default.htm
GPS Precise Orbits
http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/GPS/GPS.html
GPS World Magazine
http://www.gpsworld.com/