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Hyperelasticity
BME 615
University of Wisconsin
Principal
stretches
(single
subscript)
L1
L10
L2
L20
Finite Strain
In Lagrangian (material) reference system, define Green (St. Venant) strain
2
2
L1 L10
1 2
E1
1 1
2
2
2 L10
L2 L220 1 2
E2
2 1
2
2 L220
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
e1
2
L1 L10
2 L1
e2
L2 L220
2 L2
Conjugate Stresses
(for finite deformation analysis)
h and h0
and 0
F22
L1 h
s11
F11
L2 h
True stress
Unloaded shape
S22
1
1
T22 0 2 s22
2
2
Little
physical
meaning
X 1
x2
F
X 1
x3
X 1
x1
X 2
x2
X 2
x3
X 2
x1
X 3
1 0
x2
0 2
X 3
0 0
x3
X 3
0
0
3
det F 1 or 3 1/ 12
I1 12 22 32
I 2 12 22 22 32 32 12
I 3 1222 32
1
1
W xx xx E xx2
2
2
dW
E xx xx
d xx
1
1 2
W xx xx
xx
2
2E
*
dW * 1
xx xx
d xx E
i, j 1,2,3
where
W
C ijij ij
ij
W *
ij
ij
If behavior is non-linear, we still take derivatives as above but that
will yield a more complicated set of terms for stress and strain
W
Sij
Eij
W (F )
F
Then
W
F
or Tij
W
Fij
W
TF
E
Compare to
W
or Tij Fik
Ekj
sum on k
T 2F
W
C
or Tij 2 Fik
W
Ckj
sum on k
Sij
W
Eij
Cauchy Stress
Similarly, Cauchy stress is given by
1 W T
s
F ; J det F 0
J F
or sij
1 W
F
sumonk
J Fik jk
1 W T
F
F
J E
or
sij
1
W
Fik
Fjl
J
Ekl
sum on k , l
2 W T
F
F
J C
or
sij
2
W
Fik
Fjl
J
Ckl
sum on k , l
I ,I ,I W I ,I ,J W
, ,
W(F) W
1 2 3
1 2
1
2
3
2
s
I3
Equivalent functions
but re-parameterized
W
W
W
I1
B B 2 I 3
1
1
2
2
3
2 1 W
W
W
W
1 W
W
I
B
2
I
1
B
B
1
2/3
1
2
4/3
J J I1
I 2
I1
I 2
J I 2
J
3
where
J det F
I1 J 2/3 I1
I1 12 22 32
I 2 J 4/3 I 2
I 2 12 22 22 32 3212
1 W
2 W
3 W
s
n1 n1
n2 n2
n3 n3
123 1
123 2
123 3
u1v1 u1v2
uv uv
v3
2 1
2 2
u3v1 u3v2
u1 v3
u2 v3
u3 v3
Thus,
1
1 0 0
0 0 0
n1 n1 0 1 0 0
0
0 0 0
etc.
S I tr E
2
where S is the 2nd Piola-Kirchhoff stress tensor
E is the Green-Lagrange strain tensor
W (E) tr E
2
tr E 2
Sij
W
Eij
Neo-Hookean Model
A neo-Hookean solid is isotropic and assumes that the extra stresses due to
deformation are proportional to the left Cauchy-Green deformation tensor
s pI GB
where
so that
I is unity tensor
B is Finger tensor
G is
s11 p G12
etc.
is deformation gradient
1
W GI1 C1 ( I1 3)
2
where
I1 tr B 12 22 32
This model has only one coefficient and is used for incompressible media
Mooney-Rivlin Model
A Mooney-Rivlin solid is a generalization of the neo-Hookean model,
where the strain energy W is a linear combination of two invariants of
the Finger tensor B
W C1 I1 3 C2 I 2 3
I1 and I 2 are 1st and 2nd invariants of the Finger tensor
I 1 12 22 32
I 2 12 22 22 32 32 12
1
1
1
32 12 22
I 3 12 22 32
W
1
T11 2C11 2C2 3
1
1
etc. (- pressure)
Mooney-Rivlin Model
W C1 I1 3 C2 I 2 3
Note:
Mooney-Rivilin equation is for 3D. Why? How would it change for 1D & 2D?
s pI 2C1B 2C2B 1
For example, for principal direction 1
1
s11 p 2C 2C2 2
1
2
1 1
Mooney-Rivlin Model
W C1 I1 3 C2 I 2 3
Ogden Model
Developed by Ray Ogden in 1972
A more general formulation to fit more complex material/mechanical
behaviors.
It is an extension of the previous models and generally considers
materials that can be assumed to be isotropic, incompressible, and
strain-rate independent.
It can be expressed in terms of principal stretches as:
p p
W 1 , 2 , 3
1 2 p 3 p 3
p 1 p
N , p , p
Since the material is assumed incompressible the above can be written as:
p p
W 1 , 2
1 2 p 1 p 2 p 3
p 1 p
N
Ogden Model
p p
W 1 , 2 , 3
1 2 p 3 p 3
p 1 p
N
When
N 3
N 1, 2
W
sii p i
i
1
W c eQ 1
2
where for orthotropic tissues
Q c1 E112 c2 E222 c3 E332 2c4 E11 E22 2c5 E22 E33 2c6 E33 E11
ci
Sij Eij
Fung Model
1 Q
W c e 1
2
Q c1 E112 c2 E222 c3 E332 2c4 E11E22 2c5 E22 E33 2c6 E33 E11
The relationships for stress and strain from SED still hold i.e.
W
S ij
Eij
W *
Eij
S ij
S11
W
ce Q c1 E11 c 4 E 22 c 6 E33
E11
S12
W
ceQ c7 E12
E12
Fung Model
Fung Model
(rabbit abdominal skin)
Handles highly non-linear and
anisotropic behaviors very well
(in pseudoelastic sense).
Complex requires many
constants to fit observed
behaviors.
pressurized configuration
and thickness h
s
Assume a section of a lung is approximately semi-hemispherical and
undergoes unrestricted inflation (like a balloon) under internal pressure.
F r p
2
F 2 rhs
r 2 p 2 rhs p
2h
s
r
Equation 1
Stretch ratios are equal in all directions and from expanded surface we obtain
v 4 R2 H / 2 V 4 r 2 h/ 2
R2 h
2
r
H
1
s s11 s22 ph 2C1 2C2 2
1
2
s33 ph 2C1 3 2C2 2
3
1
where 12 3 1 3 2
Equation 2
Equation 3
Expectations
after this section
Know infinitesimal and finite descriptors of
stress and strain
Know what hyperelastic (SED) functions are
and how to get stresses or strains from them
Know simple constitutive formulations for
hyperelastic media
St. Venant-Kirchhoff
Neo-Hookean
Mooney Rivlin
Ogden
Fung