RESPIRATION

RESPIRATORY PROCESS

IMPORTANCE
OF ENERGY
mucle contraction

Movement of
chromosome

Amount of oxygen needed t

break down lactic acid forme
in the muscles

Aerobic respiration

Anerobic respiration
similarities

1. Both are cellular respiration

2. Glucose is the main substrate
3. Energy is produced
Differences
Oxygen is required

Oxygen is not required

Glucose is broken down

completely

Glucose is not broken down

completely

Large amount of energy is

released

Small amount of energy is

released

CO2 and water are

produced

Ethanol and CO2 are

produced in the yeast.
Lactic acid is produced in
the muscle

Left lung has

2 lobes

Each lung has

2.5 million of

Right lung- has 3 lobes

PART

STRUCTURE

FUNCTION

Nasal cavity

Inner wall is lined with a

ciliated epithelium and
mucous secreting cells.

Dust and microorganisms

are trapped by mucous
and are carried towards
the throat by the cilia.
The air from the
atmosphere is warmed and
moistened before it enters
the lung.

Trachea

A large tube that is

supported by C-shaped
cartilage.
The inner wall is lined
with a ciliated epithelium
and mucous secreting
cells.

Dust and microorganisms

are trapped by mucous
and carried towards the
throat by cilia
Carries the inspired air to
the bronchi.

Bronchi

Two tubes which

branches from the
trachea.
Circular rings of
cartilages support the

Dust and microorganisms

are trapped by mucous
and carried towards the
throat by cilia
10
Carry the inspired air to

Bronchioles

Alveoli

Very small air tubes in

the lungs
The tubes are lined
with mucous.
Lack of cartilage

Dust and
microorganisms are
trapped by the mucous
and are carried towards
the throat by cilia.
Carries the inspired air
to the alveoli

Small,moist,thin wall
air sacs (0.2 mmin
diameter)

Gaseous exchange
between the blood and
the lungs.

Cilia

Bronchus

11

12

Alveoli
13

Paramecium

Reino protista
PROTOZOA

14

INSECTS

15

 Has 4 pairs of gills, each

supported by a bony arch.
Gills have 2 rows of gill filaments,
contain numerous gill lamella.
Each gill lamella is folded into gill
plates that have thin walls and
supplied with blood capillaries.
The arrangement increase the
surface area of the gills.
Oxygen dissolved in the water
diffuse into blood capillaries while
carbon dioxide diffuse in the
reverse direction.

16

17

18

AMPHIBIANS

Frog development

Adult frog

Tadpoles breathe through the skin

and gills
Adult frogs breathe through the
lungs, skin and mucous lining of
mouth.
Lungs, skin and mouth have many
blood capillaries.
There are many folds inside the lung
sacs, which increase the respiratory
surface.
When the frog remains under water
for a long time, all the oxygen needed
enter the blood through its skin.
Frog swallows air through the nostril
to the lung by using the muscles on
the floor of its mouth.
When breathing, frog will closed its
19
mouth.

Large surface area

Air sacs have
folded linings or
lead-like plates.

Thin surface for

gas exchange
Diffusion of
gases can occur
rapidly

CHARACTERISTICS OF
RESPIRATORY SURFACES
IN LARGE ORGANISMS
Constantly moving
transport medium
Efficient blood circulatory
system ensures that a
concentration gradient is
always maintained.
Diffusion of gases occur
between the respiratory
surface and the blood
cells.

Moist
respiratory
surface
Enable gases to
dissolve in a
liquid when they
diffuse into or
out of the cells.
20

MECHANISM OF BREATHING IN HUMANS

EXHALATION

Internal intercostal muscles

(inside the rib cage)contract,
external intercostal muscle
(outside the rib cage) relax.

INHALATION

External intercostal muscles

contract,internal intercostal
muscles relax.
21

EXHALATION

INHALATION

The diaphragm muscles

The diaphragm muscles
relax and move upwards. contract and become
flattens.
Volume of the thoracic
cavity will decrease

Volume of thoracic
cavity will increase

Pressure inside the

thoracic cavity increase,
more than the
atmospheric pressure.

Pressure inside the

thoracic cavity decrease,
less than the
atmospheric pressure.

Air is forced out of the

lungs.

Air is drawn into the

lungs

22

23

BREATHING
MECHANISM

Protozoan
Protozoans

Entire cell
surface acts as
an area for
gaseous
exchange

Unicellular
Large surface
area to volume
ratio

Oxygen enters
the organism
and carbon
dioxide leaves
by diffusion.
24

BREATHING
MECHANISM
25

26

BREATHING MECHANISM IN
FISH

27

28

During expiration, the nostrils open. The muscles of the

body wall contract to force the air from the lungs to the
mouth cavity and nostrils.

29

PARTIAL PRESSURE

Atmospheric pressure 760mm Hg

Partial pressure of oxygen (Po2) 21% of 760mm Hg, that is
160mm Hg.

30

GASES EXCHANGE ACROSS THE

SURFACE OF THE ALVEOLUS AND
BLOOD CAPILLARIES IN LUNGS

31

32

TRANSPORT OF RESPIRATORY
GASES IN HUMANS

33

34

THE EXCHANGE OF RESPIRATORY

GASES BETWEEN THE BLOOD
AND THE BODY CELL

35

36

Content

Inspired
air

Expired
air

Reason

Oxygen

21%

16%

Oxygen is used in cellular

respiration

Carbon
dioxide

0.03%

4%

Carbon dioxide is produces

in cellular respiration

Nitrogen

78%

78%

Nitrogen is neither used

nor produced in cellular
respiration

Water vapour

Variable

Saturated

Water is product of cellular

respiration. Evaporation
from the lung during
expiration.

Dust

Variable

Little

Dust particles have been

filtered by the hairs in the
nostrils and trapped by the
mucous in the respiratory
tract

Temperature

Variable

About
body

Air has been warmed by

body temperature 37

CONTROL OF BREATHING
Breathing is involuntary process that controlled by the respiratory system
located in medulla oblongata.
Respiratory centre consist of :
a) Inspiratory centre inspiration
b) Expiratory centRe - expiration

38

Regulation of Respiration by the Central

Chemoreceptor

39

40

Regulation of Respiration by the

Peripheral Chemoreceptor

41

42

RESPIRATORY RESPONSE IN DIFFERENCE

SITUATIONS
HIGH
ALTITUDE

1) At 4000m above sea level, there are roughly 40% less oxygen availab
than at the sea level.
2) A mountaineer may develop symptoms of hypoxia ( a shortage of
oxygen)
3) Symptoms of hypoxia:
a) breathless
b) headache
c) nausea
d) vomiting
e) heart palpitation
43

MECHANISM TO COPE WITH THIS SITUATION

44

FEAR
1) Fear is an unpleasant emotion that occurs in response to a
consciously recognized source of danger, real or imaginary.
2) Physical symptoms occur :
a) rapid heartbeat and breathing
b) raise in blood pressure
c) increase in muscle tension

Involved in the processing and expression

of emotions, especially anger and fear.
45

Smoking tobacco causes lung

diseases such as bronchitis,
emphysema and lung cancer

bronchitis

emphysema
-multiple cavities
lined by heavy
black carbon
deposits.

Keep away from

smokers to avoid
second-hand smoke.

IMPORTANCE OF
MAINTAINING A
HEALTHY RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
Exercise because deep
breathing make your
lungs become stronger
and better at supplying
body with oxygen

When there is a haze,

stay indoors or cover
your nose and mouth
with a mask to keep ou
of the air pollutants

46

PNEUMONIA
1) Invasive infection of the lower respiratory system by bacterial
pneumonia.
2) The infection has broken through the wall of the bronchi and
entered into the tissues of the lung.
3) The infected lung tissue has blood vessels that may transport the
infectious bacteria to other parts of the body.
4) Symptoms :
a) large amount of greenish or brownish sputum
b) heart rate greater than 100 beats per minute
c) fever, chills, fatigue, cough, shortness of
breathe

47

SUBSTANCE IN TOBACCO
SMOKE
Thick, sticky dark brown
substance
Carcinogenic (cancer-causing
agent)
Damage lung tissues, break
down the alveoli
Causes bronchitis and smoker
cough

addictive
chemicals
blood platelets
become sticky, lead to
clotting
increase blood pressure,
heart rate
narrows the arteries

poisonous, odorless gas

Combine with haemoglobin to form48
carboxyhaemoglobin

RESPIRATION IN PLANTS

-Gaseous exchange occur mainly in the leaves because they have large
surface area to volume ratio.

-Gaseous exchange is by simple diffusion through the stomata and the

lenticels.

- Lenticels are small openings on the surface of woody stems and roots

49

GASEOUS EXCHANGE IN THE

LIGHT
(4) O2 diffuse out of the cells
and leaves the leaf via stomata
in reverse direction
(3) CO2 dissolve in the fluid
that cover the wall of
the mesophyll cell and
diffuse into the cell
(2) CO2 move upward through
intercellular air space.

(1) CO2 diffuses from

atmosphere through
the stomata into spongy
layer
50

51

GASEOUS EXCHANGE IN THE

DARK

-Less oxygen in the air spaces than the atmosphere.

-Oxygen will diffuse inward through lenticels
-Stomata are normally closed at night
-Aerobic respiration occurred.
-CO2 that is produced by plants will diffuse outwards.
C6H12O6

+ 6O2

6CO2 + 6H2O + ENERGY

52

ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
-Occur when oxygen is absent
-The process is called alcoholic fermentation
C6H12O6

2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + Energy

-Examples of plants that do anaerobic respiration:

a) Young rice plants planted in fields that are muddy and flooded, have
little or no oxygen
- the roots can respire anaerobically that will produce
ethanol as waste products.
- Ethanol is poisonous to the plant cells but the root
cells are tolerant to the ethanol

53

-Similarities between respiration and photosynthesis :

Both are metabolic processes
Differences
Respiration

Photosynthesis

Process of breaking down

organic materials

Process of synthesis organic

materials

Occur in all living cells

Occur in cells that have

chloroplast

Take place in the presence

and absence of light

Take place only in the

presence of light

Uses glucose and oxygen

Uses carbon dioxide and

water

Produces carbon dioxide

and water

Produce glucose and oxygen

54

55

COMPENSATION
POINT

all the carbon dioxide produced in respiration

by the plant is re-used in photosynthesis, and there is
no loss or gain in carbon dioxide.
- rate of CO2 uptake = rate of CO2 produced
(photosynthesis)
(respiration)
- occur during dawn and dusk
- when the rate of photosynthesis and respiration
remains at compensation point, plants would not be
able to store any food. No food is available to
heterotrophs.
Rate of photosynthesis
exceeds rate of respiration

(dawn)

56