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Lecture 1
shown below
following functions.
1. Accept the data and program as input.
2. Store the data and program and retrieve
Input Unit
A computer uses input devices to accept
Output Units
Similar to input devices, output devices
Functions of a CPU
Memory Unit
In the main memory, the computer stores the
are:
1. The program and data are stored in a primary
memory
2. The computer can execute a program
automatically.
3. The control unit fetches and executes the
instructions in sequence one by one.
4. Instruction can modify the contents of any
location in the stored program concept.
5.
Arithmetic Operations
Arithmetic operations include addition, subtraction,
Arithmetic Operations
The arithmetic operation in adding two numbers 5 & 8
can be demonstrated through following steps :
Step 1: 5 and 8 are put into two separate memory
locations.
Step 2: The control unit fetches the two numbers
from their memory locations into the data registers.
Step 3: The arithmetic unit looking at the operator (+)
uses the accumulator and adds the two numbers.
Step 4: The ALU stores the result (13) in memory
buffer register.
Step 5: Then the control unit stores the result into a
user desired memory location, say sum.
Arithmetic Operations
Logical Operations
Some of the basic functions
Memory Unit
The term memory usually refers to the main
Data Representation
The smallest unit of information is a single digit
hierarchical memories:
The registers (internal memory) are used to hold
Storage Devices
Hard Disk
Hard disk is a magnetic disk on which you can store
computer data.
The hard disk is a direct-access storage medium.
This means you can store and retrieve data randomly.
Storage Devices
Magnetic Tape
A recording medium consisting of a thin tape with a
Storage Devices
Floppy Disk
The floppy drive uses a thin circular disk for data
Storage Devices
Optical Disk
Optical disks are a storage medium from which
Keyboard
The most common input device is the keyboard.
The keyboard detects the key pressed and generates the
Mouse
Mouse is an input device that controls the movement of
Scanner
printed character.
The computer will recognize the characters in the page as
letters and punctuation marks, and stores. This can be
edited using a word processor.
connected to a monitor.
Microphone
Microphone serves as a voice input device.
It captures the voice data and input to the computer.
Output Devices
An output device is capable of presenting information from a computer.
Monitors
Monitor is a commonly used output device, sometimes called as display
screen.
The number of pixels that can be displayed vertically and horizontally
gives the resolution of the monitor.
The resolution of the monitor determines the quality of the display.
Some popular resolutions are 640 x 480 pixels, 800 x 600 pixels and
1024 x 768 pixels.
Output Devices
Printers
Output Devices
Speakers
Storage Devices
The smallest unit that can be written to or read from the
disk is a sector.
The storage capacity of the disk is determined as
(number of tracks * number of sectors * bytes per
sector * number of read/write heads).
The arrangement of tracks and sectors on a disk is known
as its format.
High data rates demand that the disk rotates at a high
speed (about 3,600 rpm).
Computer Organization
Basic Components of a Digital Computer
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Memory Unit
Input and Output Devices