Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Overview
Sampling In Quantitative Research
Basic Descriptive Statistics And
Graphical Representation Of Data
Quantification,
Variables
Levels Of Measurement
And
Sampling In Quantitative
Research
Total Population
Representative sample
Probability Sampling
Non-Probability Sampling
Sample Size
Total Population
Sample
Representative sample
Probability Sampling
A probability provides a quantitative description of the likely
occurrence of a particular event.
Stratified
Random Sampling
Often factors which divide up the population into subpopulations (groups / strata)
measurement of interest may vary among the different subpopulations.
This has to be accounted for when we select a sample from
the population to ensure our sample is representative of the
population.
This is achieved by stratified sampling.
A stratified sample is obtained by taking samples from each
stratum or sub-group of a population.
Suppose a farmer wishes to work out the average milk yield of
each cow type in his herd which consists of Ayrshire, Friesian,
Galloway and Jersey cows. He could divide up his herd into
the four sub-groups and take samples from these (Easton and
Mc Coll 2004).
Non-Probability Sampling
Main Types
Convenience/ opportunity/accidental
sampling.
Purposive/ judgemental sampling
Quota sampling
Snowball sampling
Convenience/ opportunity/accidental
sampling.
volunteer samples
Sometimes access through contacts or
gatekeepers
easy to reach population.
Quota sampling
Snowball sampling
1.
2.
Sample Size
Descriptive Statistics
Inferential Statistics
Quantification, Variables
And Levels Of Measurement
Type of Bicycle
Ethnicity
Smoking status
smoker, non-smoker
Ordinal Data
Discrete Data
Only certain values are possible (there are
gaps between the possible values). Implies
counting.
Continuous Data
Theoretically, with a fine enough
measuring device. Implies counting.
Variables
Quantity
Category
Nominal
Ordinal
Ordered
categories
Discrete
(counting)
Ranks.
Continuous
(measuring)
Quantification, Variables
And Levels Of Measurement
1.
2.
3.
4.
Ratio variables-Examples
IMPORTANT! SEE
TYPES OF DATA
REVISION SLIDES ON
MY WEBSITE FOR
EXTRA INFORMATION
ON TYPES OF DATA
Example
Look at the distribution below:
This distribution shows the recorded ages of patients receiving
treatment for heart disease in the Stroud district. There are
50 observed values. We can easily see how often each value
occurs. What is the frequency of the following values, 79;
81; 94? What is the range of this distribution?(r = h l ).
What is the mode? What is the median? From this
distribution we can also tell that most of the values tend to
cluster around the middle of the range.
62
64
65
66
68
70
71
71
72
72
73
74
74
74
75
75
76
77
77
78
78
78
79
79
79
80
80
80
81
81
81
81
81
82
82
82
83
83
85
85
86
87
87
88
89
90
90
92
94
96
Scale with a number of values (Usually arrange the scores from the
highest to lowest).
Corresponding observations- Tally up
the scores, convert them into
frequencies.
Types of Distribution
Frequency distribution
Class Intervals
Relative (Proportional or percentage
distributions)
Cumulative distributions.
Frequency Distributions
1.
2.
Relative (proportional or
percentage) distributions
Cumulative distribution.