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Translational
Equilibrium
A PowerPoint Presentation by
Paul E. Tippens, Professor of
Physics
Southern Polytechnic State
2007
University
AA glass
glass is
is placed
placed on
on aa board
board and
and the
the
board
board is
is jerked
jerked quickly
quickly to
to the
the right.
right. The
The
glass
glass tends
tends to
to remain
remain at
at rest
rest while
while the
the
board
board is
is removed.
removed.
Assume
Assume glass
glass and
and board
board move
move together
together
at
at constant
constant speed.
speed. IfIf the
the board
board stops
stops
suddenly,
suddenly, the
the glass
glass tends
tends to
to maintain
maintain its
its
constant
constant speed.
speed.
FF
aa
m
m
a/2
Force of
Man on
Ceiling
Force
of
Floor
on
Man
Force of
Man on
Floor
Force
of Wall
on
Hands
Force
of
Hands
on
Wall
Reaction
Action
Reactio
n
Translational Equilibrium
An object is said to be in
Translational Equilibrium if and
only if there is no resultant force.
This means that the sum of all
acting forces is zero.
In
In the
the example,
example, the
the resultant
resultant of
of the
the three
three
forces
forces A,
A, B,
B, and
and CC acting
acting on
on the
the ring
ring must
must
be
be zero.
zero.
Visualization of Forces
Force diagrams are necessary for
studying objects in equilibrium. Dont
confuse action forces with reaction
forces.
Equilibrium:
FF 00
A
B
C
Force A: By ceiling on
ring.
Force B: By ceiling on
Force C: ring.
By weight on
ring.
Visualization of Forces
(Cont.)
Now lets look at the Reaction Forces for
the same arrangement. They will be
equal, but opposite, and they act on
different objects.
Reaction
Reaction forces are each
forces:
exerted: BY the ring.
Br
Ar
Cr
weight.
400
B
C
Vector sum: F = A + B + C
=0
400
B
C
Ay
40
Ay
Ax
W
A free-body diagram is a force
diagram all the elements in this
showing
diagram: axes, vectors, components,
and angles.
Free-body Diagrams:
Read
Read problem;
problem; draw
draw and
and label
label sketch.
sketch.
Isolate
Isolate aa common
common point
point where
where all
all forces
forces are
are
acting.
acting.
Construct
Construct force
force diagram
diagram at
at origin
origin of
of x,y
x,y axes.
axes.
Dot
Dot in
in rectangles
rectangles and
and label
label xx and
and yy
components
components opposite
opposite and
and adjacent
adjacent to
to angles.
angles.
Label
Label all
all given
given information
information and
and state
state what
what
forces
forces or
or angles
angles are
are to
to be
be found.
found.
40
B
C
W
1. Isolate
point.
2. Draw x,y
3. axes.
Draw
vectors.
Ay
B
40
Ay
Ax
C
W
4. Label
5. components.
Show all given
information.
On
rop
e
A
300
W
700 N
Careful:
The pole can
only push or B
pull since it
has no
weight.
Ay
300
Ax
700 N
The
force
is
the
force
exerted
on
the
TheIsolate
force BB
is
the
force
exerted
on
the rope at the end of thethe
rope
by
the
pole.
Dont
confuse
itit with
rope
by
the
pole.
Dont
confuse
with
boom. All forces must act ON the
the
exerted
the reaction
reaction force
forcerope!
exerted by
by the
the rope
rope
on
on the
the pole.
pole.
Translational Equilibrium
The First Condition for
Equilibrium is that there be
no resultant force.
This means that the sum
of all acting forces is zero.
FFxx 00
FFyy 00
400
Ay
40
Ay
C Ax
200 N
200 N
The Resultant
Force on the ring
is zero:
R = F = 0
Rx = Ax + Bx + Cx =
0
R y = A y + B y + Cy =
0
By = 0 A y
B
Bx
400
C
Cy
Ax
Cx = 0
200 N
Opp = Hyp x
A = Asin
sin 400
y
Adj = Hyp x
Ax = Acos
cos 400
The components
of the vectors are
found from the
free-body
diagram.
Cy = -200
N
Example 2. Continued . . .
Components
Ax = A cos
0
40
Ay = A sin 400
A
B
Ay
40
Ay
Ax
Bx = B; By =
W
0
Cx = 0; Cy =
W
AA free-body
free-body diagram
diagram must
must represent
represent
all
all forces
forces as
as components
components along
along xx and
and
y-axes.
y-axes. ItIt must
must also
also show
show all
all given
given
information.
information.
Example 2. Continued . . .
A
40
A
C
Ay
400
C Ax
200 N
200 N
Fx= 0
Fy= 0
Ay
Components
Ax = A cos
0
40
Ay = A sin 400
Bx = B; By =
0
Cx = 0; Cy =
W
A cos 40 B 0; or B A cos 40
Example 2. Continued . . .
A
B
Ay
40
Ay
C Ax
200 N
Two
equations;
two
unknowns
A sin 40 200 N
0
B A cos 40
200 N
A
311 N
0
sin 40
Solve
first for A
Solve Next
for B
The tensions
in A and B are
A = 311 N; B = 238
N
300
600
30
400 N
1. Draw free-body
diagram.
2.
Determine angles.
3. Draw/label
components.
Ay
300
600
Ax
Bx
By
400 N
Next
Next we
we will
will
find
find
components
components of
of
each
each vector.
vector.
Fy= 0
Ay
300
600
Ax
Bx
W 400 N
Fx = Bx - Ax = 0
Fy = By + Ay - W = 0
Bx =
By +Ax Ay = W
By
Ay
300
600
Ax
Bx
By
Wx = 0; Wy = -400
W 400 N
N
Using Trigonometry, the first condition
yields:
0
B =
x
Ax
By + A y = W
B cos 60 = A cos
0
30
0
0
A sin 30 + B sin 60 =
400 N
A
y
A
30
A
0
B
600
B
x
W 400
N
A cos 30
B
1.73 A
0
cos 60
BB =
= 1.732
1.732 AA
A
y
A
30
A
0
x
400
N
B
600
B
x
B = 1.732 A
Now apply Trig
A + B to:
= 400 N
y
B = 1.732 A
A
y
A
30
A
0
B
60
B
x
W 400
N
A = 200 N
B = 1.732 A
B = 1.732(400 N)
B = 346
N
600
300
30
600
400 N
Ay
x
A
300
600
Ax
Bx
400 N
By
x
B
y
A
600
300
600
300
400 N
W =400 N
y
B
Wy = (400 N) sin
300
Thus, the components
W
of the weight vector
0
30
x
are:
W 400 N
Wx = 346 N; Wy = 200
y
N
Apply the first condition for Equilibrium,
and . . .
BB W
and
Wxx =
= 00
and AA W
Wyy =
=
A
y
A
Wx
300
Wy 400 N
Before working a
problem, you
might see if
rotation of the
axes helps.
Fx = B - Wx = 0
B = Wx = (400 N) cos
300
BB =
= 346
346 N
N
Fy = A - Wy = 0
A = Wy = (400 N) sin
300
AA =
= 200
200 N
N
Summary
Newtons
Newtons First
First Law:
Law: An
An object
object at
at rest
rest or
or
an
an object
object in
in motion
motion at
at constant
constant speed
speed
will
will remain
remain at
at rest
rest or
or at
at constant
constant speed
speed
in
in the
the absence
absence of
of aa resultant
resultant force.
force.
Summary
Second
Second Law:
Law: Whenever
Whenever aa resultant
resultant
force
force acts
acts on
on an
an object,
object, itit produces
produces an
an
acceleration,
acceleration, an
an acceleration
acceleration that
that is
is
directly
directly proportional
proportional to
to the
the force
force and
and
inversely
inversely proportional
proportional to
to the
the mass.
mass.
Summary
Third
Third Law:
Law: To
To every
every action
action force
force there
there must
must
be
be an
an equal
equal and
and opposite
opposite reaction
reaction force.
force.
Actio
n
Reaction
Reactio
n
Action
Free-body Diagrams:
Read
Read problem;
problem; draw
draw and
and label
label sketch.
sketch.
Isolate
Isolate aa common
common point
point where
where all
all forces
forces are
are
acting.
acting.
Construct
Construct force
force diagram;
diagram; At
At origin
origin of
of x,y
x,y axes.
axes.
Dot
Dot in
in rectangles
rectangles and
and label
label xx and
and yy
components
components opposite
opposite and
and adjacent
adjacent to
to angles.
angles.
Label
Label all
all given
given information
information and
and state
state what
what
forces
forces or
or angles
angles are
are to
to be
be found.
found.
Translational Equilibrium
The First Condition for
Equilibrium is that there be
no resultant force.
This means that the sum of
all acting forces is zero.
FFxx 00
FFyy 00
Conclusion: Chapter 4A
Translational Equilibrium