PCI6thEdition

Building Systems
(Seismic)

PresentationOutline
Building System Loads
Seismic

Structural Integrity
LFRS Walls
LFRS Frames
Diaphragms

SeismicChanges

Based on new changes to ASCE 7 and

ACI 318
Based current seismic research and
observations

SeismicChanges
Some of these changes are:
Recognition of jointed panel construction
Recognition of strong and ductile
connections in precast frames
Recognition and requirements for
connections in precast walls

SeismicChanges
Additional changes are:

Modification of drift computation and limiting drift

Deformation compatibility of elements
Additional soil type classifications
Special considerations locations near seismic faults
Consideration of redundancy and reliability in
strength design requirements

SeismicChanges

Design Forces are Based on Risk

Previous codes based on 10% chance of
exceedance in 50 years
IBC 2000, 2003 codes based on 2%
chance of exceedance in 50 years

SeismicRisk
Soil factors
Other regions of high seismic risk - not just west coast anymore

Practically every precast, prestressed

concrete structure designed under IBC
2000 will require some consideration of
seismic effects.

SeismicPerformanceObjectives

Current design - minor damage for

moderate earthquakes
Accepts major damage for severe
earthquakes
Collapse is prevented of severe events

SeismicPerformanceObjectives

In order to achieve the design objectives,

the current code approach requires
details capable of undergoing large
inelastic deformations for energy
dissipation.

SeismicDesignApproach
Emulation
No special requirements for low seismic risk
Chapter 21 requirements for moderate and high
seismic risk

Non-emulative design
PRESSS
Acceptance criteria for frames

EarthquakeLoadsEquivalentLateral
ForceMethod

Base Shear, V
V= CsW
Where:
Cs - Seismic Response Coefficient
W - Total Weight

EquivalentLateralForceMethodLimitations

This method may not apply to buildings

with irregularities in Seismic Design
Categories D, E, or F

EarthquakeLoadsTotalWeight,W

Dead Load of structure plus:

25% of reduced floor live load in storage
areas
live load in parking structures not included
Partition load if included in gravity dead
Total weight of permanent equipment
20% of flat roof snow load, pf
where pf > 30 psf

SeismicResponseCoefficient,Cs

Function of
Spectral response acceleration
Site soil factors
Building Period
Response modification factors
Importance factor

SeismicResponseCoefficient,Cs

Step 1 - Determine SS and S1

Step 2 - Determine site Soil Classification
Step 3 - Calculate Response Accelerations
Step 4 - Calculate the 5% Damped Design
Spectral Response Accelerations
Step 5 - Determine the Seismic Design Category
Step 6 - Determine the Fundamental Period
Step 7 - Calculate Seismic Response Coefficient

Step1DetermineSSandS1

From IBC Map

From local building
codes
IBC 2003 CD-ROM
Based on
Longitude / Latitude
Zip Code

Step2DetermineSiteSoilClassification
If site soils are not known use Site Class D
Figure 3.10.7 (a) (page 3-111)
From soil reports

Step3CalculateResponseAccelerations

SMS = FaSS
SM1 = FvS1

Where:
Fa and Fv are site coefficients from Figure 3.10.7 (b)
and (c) (page 3-111)
SS spectral accelerations for short periods
S1 spectral accelerations for 1-second period
All values based on IBC 2003

Step4Calculatethe5%DampedDesign
SpectralResponseAccelerations

SDS = (2/3)SMS
SD1 = (2/3)SM1

Step5DeterminetheSeismicDesignCategory

Table 3.2.4.1.
Sometimes this restricts
the type of Seismic Force
Resisting System (SFRS)
used (see Figure 3.10.8)
(page 3-112)

Step6(ApproximatePeriod)Determine
theBuildingsFundamentalPeriod
Ta Cthnx

Where:
Ct = 0.016 for moment resisting frame systems of
reinforced concrete
0.020 for other concrete structural systems
x = 0.9 for concrete moment resisting frames
0.75 for other concrete structural systems
hn = distance from base to highest level (in feet)

Step6(ExactPeriod)Determinethe
BuildingsFundamentalPeriod
Rayleighs formula

T 2

2
w

ii
i1
n

g Fii
i1

Where:
wi = dead load weight at Floor i
i = elastic displacement at Floor i
Fi = lateral force at Floor i
g = acceleration of gravity
n = total number of floors

Step7DetermineSeismicResponse
Coefficient,Cs
Lesser of
Cs

SDS
R

or Cs

SD1
TR

Where:
R = Response Modification
Factor
Figure 3.10.8 (page 3-112)
= Seismic Importance Factor

Step7DetermineCs
Minimum Value of Cs

Cs =
0.044SDS
Special Cases In Seismic Design Categories E and F
Cs

0.5 S1
R

VerticalDistributionofLateralForce
Fx Cvx V

Cvx

wx hkx
n

k
w

h
i i
i1

Where:
Fx = Force per floor
Cvx = Vertical distribution factor
V = Base shear
k = 1 - buildings with a period 0.5 sec
= 2 - buildings with a period > 2.5 sec
hi and hx = height from base to Level i or x
wi and wx = Level i or x portion of total gravity load

LocationofForceinPlane

Accidental Torsion
calculated by assuming that the center of mass is
located a distance of 5% of the plan dimension
perpendicular to the applied load on either side of
the actual center of mass

Total torsion = sum of the actual torsion plus

the accidental torsion

SeismicDriftRequirements
Elastic Displacement Amplification
Factor, x
Stability Coefficient Limits,
PEffects

DriftLimits
Figure 3.10.9 (page 3-113)

DriftAmplificationFactor, x
x

Cd xe
I

Where:
x = Amplified deflection of Level x
xe = Deflection of Level x determined from elastic
analysis, includes consideration of cracking
Cd = Deflection amplification factor
(Figure 3.10.8)

= Seismic Importance Factor

StabilityCoefficient,

Px
Vx hsx Cd

Where:
Px = Total vertical unfactored load including and above
Level x
= Difference of deflections between levels x and x-1
Vx = Seismic shear force acting between levels x and
x-1
hsx = Story height below Level x
Cd = Deflection amplification factor

StabilityCoefficient,
The stability coefficient is limited to:

max

0.5
0.25
Cd

Where:
= ratio of shear demand to shear capacity between
Levels x and x-1

PEffects

To account for P- effects, the design story

drift is increased by
(1 )-1
If < 0.10, P- effects may be neglected

ReliabilityFactor, i
Required in High Seismic Design Categories
D, E, and F
The Earthquake Force is increase by a
Reliability Factor, i
1.5 Maximum Required Value
i = 1.0 for structures in Seismic Design
Categories A, B and C

ReliabilityFactor, iForMoment
Frames
i 2

20
rmaxi Ai

Where, for each level:

Ai = floor area
rmaxi = For moment frames, the maximum of the sum of
the shears in any two adjacent columns divided by the
story shear. For columns common to two bays with
moment-resisting connections on opposite sides, 70%
of the shear in that column may be used in the column
shear summary.

ReliabilityFactor, iForShearWalls
i 2

20
rmaxi Ai

Where, for each level:

Ai = floor area
rmaxi = For shear walls, the maximum value of the
product of the shear in the wall and 10/lw divided by
the story shear.

LoadCombinations

U = 1.4(D+F)
U = 1.2(D+F+T) + 1.6(L+H)
U = 1.2D +1.6(Lr or S or R) + (1.0L or 0.8W)
U = 1.2D + 1.6W + 1.0L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
U = 1.2D + 1.0E + f1L + 0.2S
U = 0.9D + 1.6W + 1.6H
U = 0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H

f1 = 1.0 Parking garages

= 1.0 Live load 100 psf on public assembly floors
= 0.5 All others

ModificationforVerticalAcceleration

E = QE 0.2SDSD
Seismic Load Combinations Become
U = (1.2 + 0.2SDS)D + QE + f1L + 0.2S
U = (0.9 0.2SDS)D + QE + 1.6H

Notice Building weight increase as Ground move Up

Where
QE = Horizontal Seismic Force

ModificationforVerticalAcceleration

E = QE 0.2SDSD
Seismic Load Combinations Become
U = (1.2 + 0.2SDS)D + QE + f1L + 0.2S
U = (0.9 0.2SDS)D + QE + 1.6H

Notice Building weight decreases as Ground move D

OverstrengthFactor, o
Components within the Diaphragm
Chord ties
Shear Steel
Connectors

o = 2.0 - Seismic Design Categories C, D, E

and F
o = 1.0 - Seismic Design Categories A and B

SpecialLoadCombinations

U = 1.2D + fiL + Em
U = 0.9D + E
Where:
Em = QE + 0.2SDSD

and
= Overstrength Factor

OverstrengthFactor, o

Connections from Diaphragms to Seismic

Force Resisting System (SFRS)
o = Seismic Design Categories C and higher
Figure 3.10.8 (page 3-112)

StructuralIntegrityRequirements
All members must be connected to the Lateral Force Resisting
System (LFRS)
Tension ties must be provided in all directions
The LFRS is continuous to the foundation
A diaphragm must be provided with
Connections between diaphragm elements
Tension ties around its perimeter

Perimeter ties provided

Nominal strength of at least 16 kips
Within 4 ft of the edge

Column splices and column base connections must have a nominal

tensile strength not less than 200A g in pounds

StructuralIntegrityRequirements
Precast vertical panels connected by a minimum of
two connections
Each connection is to have a nominal strength of 10
kips
Precast diaphragm connections to members being
laterally supported must have a nominal tensile
strength not less than 300 lbs per linear ft
Connection details allow volume change strains
Connection details that rely solely on friction caused
by gravity loads are not to be used

LateralForceResistingSystems(LFRS)

Rigid frames and

shear walls exhibit
different responses
to lateral loads

InfluentialFactors
The supporting soil and footings
The stiffness of the diaphragm
The stiffness LFRS elements and
connections
Lateral load eccentricity with respect to center
of rigidity of the shear walls or frames

ShearWallSystems

Most common lateral force resisting

systems
Design typically follows principles used
for cast-in-place structures

InternationalBuildingCode
(IBC)Requirements

Two categories of shear walls

Ordinary
Special

ACI31802Requirements

Created an additional intermediate

category, but has assigned no distinct
R, o and Cd

ACI31802WallDefinitions
Defines all shear walls as structural
walls
Three levels of definition
Ordinary structural (shear) wall
Intermediate precast structural (shear) wall
Special precast structural (shear) wall

OrdinaryStructural(Shear)Wall

Wall complying with the requirements of

Chapters 1 through 18
No special seismic detailing

IntermediatePrecastStructural
(Shear)Wall

Wall complying with all applicable

requirements of Chapters 1 through 18
Added requirements of Section 21.13
Ductile connections with steel yielding
1.5 factor for non-yielding elements

IBC imposes restriction that yielding be

in the reinforcing

SpecialPrecastStructural(Shear)Wall

Precast wall complying with the requirements

of 21.8.
Meeting the requirements for ordinary
structural walls and the requirements of 21.2
Requires precast walls to be designed and
detailed like cast-in-place walls, emulative design
Meet the connection requirements of Section
21.13.

DesignGuidelinesforShearWallStructures

Evaluation of building function and

applicable precast frame
Preliminary development of shear wall
system
Determination of vertical and lateral loads

DesignGuidelinesforShearWallStructures

Preliminary load analysis

Selection of shear walls
Final load analysis
Final shear wall design
Diaphragm design

MomentFrameClassifications

Three Classifications
Ordinary Moment Frame
Intermediate Moment Frames
Special Moment Frames

Based on Detailing
Seismic Design Categories

OrdinaryMomentFrames

Seismic Performance Categories A & B

ACI 318 Chapters 1 to 18
Response modification factor, R = 3

IntermediateMomentFrames

Seismic Performance Category C

ACI 318 only defines intermediate as
cast-in-place
Response modification factor, R = 5

SpecialMomentFrames
Seismic Performance Categories D, E,
and F
Yielding will be concentrated in the beam,
Strong column -weak beam behavior
Special Moment frames
ACI 318 Sections 21.2 through 21.6

Response modification factor, R = 8

Diaphragms

A diaphragm is classified as rigid if it can

distribute the horizontal forces to the vertical
lateral load resisting elements in proportion to
their relative stiffness
Long-span applications suggest that many
precast diaphragms may in fact be flexible

DiaphragmDesign

The distinction between rigid and

flexible diaphragms is important not
just for diaphragm design, but also
for the design of the entire lateral
force resisting system.

DiaphragmClassification
Flexible diaphragm
Lateral deflection twice average story drift

Rigid diaphragm
Not flexible
Implies capability to distribute load based
on relative stiffness of LFRS elements

StepsintheDesignMethod
Step 1 - Calculate and compare distribution and
diaphragm forces
Based on rigid diaphragm action
Based on flexible diaphragm action

Step 2 - Check of diaphragm deformation with

respect to drift limits
Step 3 - Check attached element drift limits
Step 4 - Adjustments in vertical element stiffness
and placement to limit drift

DiaphragmDesignForces

Based on Wind and Seismic Events

Wind
Combined windward and leeward wind pressures
Act as uniform load on building perimeter
Distributed to the LFRS based on diaphragm
behavior

SeismicDiaphragmDesignForces
Separate calculations from the design of the LFRS
Diaphragm Design force, FP
Seismic Design Categories B or C
Fp = 0.2IESDSWp + Vpx
Where
Vpx represents forces from above levels that must be
transferred through the diaphragm due to vertical
system offsets or changes in stiffness.

SeismicDiaphragmDesignForces

Seismic Design Category D

n

Fpx

F
ix
n

w
ix

wpx

0.2IESDSwpx< Fp < 0.4IESDSwpx

DiaphragmDetailing
Wind and Low Seismic Hazards
Moderate Seismic Hazards
Seismic Design Category D Topped Systems
High Seismic Hazards - Untopped
Systems

WindandLowSeismicHazard

Seismic Design Category A

Strength requirements imposed by the applied
forces, No Amplification

Seismic Design Category B

Requires the design of collector elements
Does not require forces to be increased by over
strength factor, o (Revised from IBC 2000)

ModerateSeismicHazard
Topped and Pretopped Systems
Seismic Design Category C
Concrete wall systems have special
requirements IBC 2003
Diaphragm must include
special continuous struts or ties between
diaphragm chords for wall anchorage.
use of Sub-Diaphragms, the aspect ratio of is
limited to 2 to 1

ModerateSeismicHazard

Walls classified as Intermediate Precast Walls

Collector elements, their connections based on
special load combinations
Need to include overstrength factor
Ductile connections with wall interface
The body of the connection must have sufficient
strength to permit development of 1.5fy in the
reinforcing steel

SeismicDesignCategory(SDC)D

Topped Systems
Untopped Systems
Not implicitly recognized in ACI 318 - 02
Section 21.2.1.5
permits a system to be used if it is shown by
experimental evidence and analysis to be equivalent in
strength and toughness to comparable monolithic castin-place systems

SDCDToppedSystems
High strain demand across the joints
Reinforcing steel needs to be compatible with
this demand
Use of larger wire spacing or bars may be
needed
Mesh in the topping must take the entire shear
across the joint.
Correct lapping to maintain diaphragm integrity

SDCDToppedSystems
Specific provisions in ACI 318-02
Chord steel determined from flexural analysis
Shear strength based entirely on reinforcement
crossing the joint:
Vn = Acvnfy
Where
Acv = thickness of the topping slab
n = steel ratio of the reinforcement

SDCDToppedSystems

ACI 318-02
minimum spacing requirement of 10 in
Diaphragm -factor vertical element shear-factor
May result in = 0.6, based on ACI 318-02
Section 9.3.4

Questions?