A New Industrial Age

Chapter 6
US History Honors

Section 1 Objectives:

By the end of this

lesson, I will be able
to:
1. Explain how the
abundance of natural
resources, new recovery
and refining methods,
and new uses for them
led to intensive
industrialization.
2. Identify inventions that
changed the way people
lived and worked.

Section 1:The Expansion of

Industry:

Main Idea: At the end of

the 19th century, natural
resources, creative
ideas, and growing
markets fueled an
industrial boom.

Why it Matters Now:

Technological
developments of the late
19th century paved the way
for the continued growth of
American Industry.

Key Terms:
Bessemer Process

Key Names:
Edwin L. Drake
Thomas Alva Edison
Christopher Sholes
Alexander Graham Bell

Before We Start: Story

Time!!!

The year is 1863 and

railroad construction is
booming. In six years,
the U.S. will be linked
by rail from coast to
coast. Central Pacific
Railroad employs
mainly Chinese
immigrants to blast
tunnels, lay track, and
drive spikes, all for low
wages

Phineas Gage

Phineas
Gage

Phineas Gage
Railroad blasting accident severed the frontal lobes from
the limbic system

Discussion Questions: Turn and Talk:

1. What dangers do you think the railroad

workers will encounter? (Phineas Gage)
2. How will businesses and the general
public benefit from the transcontinental
railroad?
3. How might railroad construction affect
the environment?
4. What are the pros and cons of railroad
expansion?

Section 1:
The Expansion of Industry:

After the Civil War

(1865) the U.S. was
still largely agriculture
By 1920, the U.S. was
the leading industrial
power in the world
This enormous growth
was due to three
factors;
1)
Natural Resources
2) Governmental
support 3)
Urbanization

Black Gold:

In 1859, Edwin Drake

used a steam engine to
drill for oil
This breakthrough
started an oil boom in
the Midwest and later
Texas
At first the process
was limited to
transforming the oil
into kerosene and
throwing out the
gasoline -- a byproduct of the process
Later, the gasoline was
used for cars

Which of these was NOT a reason

why the US was experiencing
tremendous growth:
1. Natural
Resources
:25
2. Government
support
3. The gold rush
4. Urbanization
0
of
30

Bessemer Steel Process:

BESSEMER CONVERTOR
CIRCA 1880

Oil was not the only

valuable natural
resource
Coal and iron were
plentiful within the U.S.
When you removed the
carbon from iron by
injecting air into the
molten iron, the result
was a lighter, more
flexible and rust
resistant compound
Steel
The Bessemer process
did just that (Henry
Bessemer & William
Kelly)

Why were iron and oil

becoming more sought after?
1.
2.

3.

4.

0 of 30

They were new

They both were
extremely easy to
create
Both were able to
be transformed into
other more efficient
commodities
None of the above

2
5

New Uses For Steel:

Brooklyn Bridge: NYC

The railroads, with

thousands of miles
of track, were the
biggest customers
for steel
Other uses emerged:
barbed wire, farm
equipment (plow),
bridge construction
(Brooklyn Bridge1883),and the first
skyscrapers

How do you feel today?

GREAT
Im Here
ICK!
History is
AWESOME!

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New Inventions Spur

Industry:

Can you imagine

living in a time when
the following
inventions were
created?
1. Electricity (how
would we live without
it now?)
2. Telephone (no
text messaging yet)
3. Typewriter (before
this everything was
written by hand)

Electricity: Edison

One percent inspiration and 99

percent perspiration.

1876- Thomas Alva

Edison established the
worlds first research
lab in New Jersey
There Edison perfected
the incandescent light
bulb in 1880
Later he invented an
entire system for
producing and
distributing electricity
By 1890, electricity
powered numerous
machines including
streetcars

The Typewriter:

This is the time period when

secretary jobs were
primarily held by
women.has this changed
much?

Christopher Sholes
invented the
typewriter in 1867
His invention
forever affected
office work and
paperwork
It also opened many
new jobs for women
1870: Women made
up less than 5% of
workforce 1910:
They made up 40%

The Telephone:

Another important
invention of the late
19th century was the
telephone
Alexander Graham
Bell and Thomas
Watson unveiled their
invention in 1876
By 1915 coast-tocoast phone service
began paving the way
for world
telecommunications

Which of the following

devices could you live
without?
Cell Phone
Ipod
TV
Computer

1.
2.
3.
4.

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How did inventions change

American society?

Factory work replaced jobs that had

been previously done at home (EX:
sewing clothes)
Demand for laborers (Usually working
long hours in unsanitary conditions)
Consumer power
Creation of Advertising/Marketing jobs

Section 2: Objectives

By the end of this lesson, I will be

able to:
1. Identify the role of the railroads in
unifying the country.
2. List positive and negative effects of
railroads on the nations economy.
3. Summarize reasons for, and outcomes
of, the demand for railroad reform.

Section 2: The Age of the

Railroads:

Main Idea: The growth

and consolidation of
railroads benefited the
nation but also led to
corruption and required
government regulation.

Why it Matters Now:

Railroads made
possible the expansion
of industry across the
United States.

Key Terms:
Transcontinental Railroad
Credit Mobilier
Munn vs. Illinois
Interstate Commerce Act

Key Names:
George M. Pullman

The Age of Railroads

The growth and

consolidation of
the railroad
industry influenced
many facets of
American life
However, the
unchecked power
of the railroad
companies led to
widespread abuses
and then reforms

Railroads: Ideals v. Reality

IDEALS:
Adventure
Fresh Start
Land Ownership
REALITY:
Horrible working conditions
Disease
Death

A National Network:

By 1869, tracks had

been laid across the
continent (Golden
Spike- Utah)
Immigrants from
China and Ireland and
out-of-work Civil War
vets provided most of
the difficult labor
Thousands lost their
lives and tens of
thousands were
injured laying track

Worker Discrimination

White men would earn $40-$60 and

worked a ten hour day.
Chinese worked from dawn until dusk and
earned $35 a month.
1866 Chinese workers were carving their
way through a granite mountain and
became trapped by 40 feet of snow on all
sides. Five months later workers were
found with their tools frozen in their hands.

Which of the following is NOT true in

regards to railroad work?
It was dangerous
There was rampant
discrimination
especially against
the Chinese.
Disease was a
problem
The pay was
adequate for the
type of work that
was being done.

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Railroad and Time:

Before 1883, each

community still
operated on its own
time
For example: Noon in
Boston was 12 minutes
later than noon in New
York City
Indiana had dozens of
different times
No standard time
reference
WHAT PROBLEM(S)
WOULD THIS CREATE?

Professor Dowd Creates Time

Zones:

In 1869, to remedy this

problem, Professor C.F.
Dowd proposed dividing
the earth into 24 time
zones
The U.S. would be
divided into 4 zones: the
eastern, Central,
Mountain, and Pacific
1883 Railroads
synchronized their
watches across U.S.
1884 International
Conference adopts zones
US Congress did not
adopt this as the official
time until 1918

THE WORLD IS DIVIDED INTO 24 TIME ZONES

THE UNITED STATES IS DIVIDED INTO 4 TIME ZONES

Railroads Spur Other

Industries:

The rapid growth of

the railroad industry
influenced the iron,
coal, steel, lumber, and
glass businesses as
they tried to keep up
with the railroads
demand for materials
The spread of the
railroads also led to
the growth of towns,
new markets, and
opportunity for
profiteers
It also linked isolated
communities together

Railroads Led to Growth of

Cities:

Denver The Mile

High City

Many of todays
major cities owe
their legacy to
the railroad
Chicago,
Minneapolis,
Denver, and
Seattle all grew
up thanks to
the railroad

Pullman: A Factory and A

Town

I think he pulls off this look

quite well.sorry

In 1880, George Pullman

built a factory for
manufacturing sleepers and
other railroad cars in Illinois
The nearby town Pullman
built for his employees was
modeled after early
industrial European towns
Pullman workers felt his
puritanical town was too
strict
Pullman wanted a stable
workforce that he could
control in and out of the
workplace
When he lowered wages but
not rent it led to a violent
strike in 1894 (The lowered
wages were a result of 1893
panic)

How would you feel about living in a

company sponsored town?
I like when people
make decisions for me.
It would have some
advantages like
guaranteed housing
I dont like having
others control my
private life.
Yikesit is my worst
nightmare!

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Credit Mobilier Scandal:

Stockholders of Union
Pacific Railroad formed
a construction
company in 1864
Stockholders then
gave contracts to the
company to lay track
at 3 times the actual
costs and pocketed the
difference
They donated shares
of the stock to 20
Republican members
of Congress in 1867
including future president
James Garfield.

The Grange and the

Railroads:

Farmers were especially

affected by corruption in
the railroad industry
Grangers (a farmers
organization) protested
land deals, price fixing, and
charging different rates to
different customers
Granger Laws were then
passed protecting farmers
Munn vs. Illinois: (1877)
States were given
regulation control of
railroads by the Courts
This allowed for setting
maximum prices for
shipping goods and people
as well as allowing for no
dsicrimination

Interstate Commerce Act:

In 1887, the Federal

government reestablished their
control over railroad
activities
Congress passed the
Interstate Commerce
Act and established a
5-member Interstate
Commerce
Commission (ICC)
The ICC struggled to
gain power until 1906

How was your weekend?

ExcellentI
watched the History
Channel!
Super I read a
history related book.
CoolI re-enacted
history battles.
TerrificI wrote a
history essay!

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Section 3: Objectives

By the end of the lesson, I will be able to:

1. Identify management and business
strategies that contributed to the success of
business tycoons such as Andrew Carnegie.
2. Explain Social Darwinism and its effects on
society.
3. Summarize the emergence and growth of
unions.
4. Explain the violent reactions of industry and
government to union strikes.

Section 3: Big Business and

Labor

Main Idea: The expansion

of industry resulted in the
growth of big business and
prompted laborers to form
unions to better their lives.

Terms:
Vertical integration and horizontal
consolidation
Social Darwinism
Sherman Antitrust Act
American Federation of Labor
(AFL)
Industrial Workers of the World
(IWW)

Why it Matters Now:

Many of the strategies used
today in industry and in the
labor movement, such as
striking, have their origins
in the late 19th century.
Names:
Andrew Carnegie
John D. Rockefeller
Samuel Gompers
Eugene V. Debs
Mary Harris Jones

Section 3: Big Business and

Labor

Carnegie Mellon University

Andrew Carnegie
was one of the first
industrial moguls
He entered the
steel industry in
1873
By 1899, the
Carnegie Steel
Company
manufactured more
steel than all the
factories in Great
Britain combined

Carnegie Business
Practices:

ANDREW CARNEGIE
1835 -1919

Carnegie initiated
many new business
practices such as;
Searching for ways
to make better
products more
cheaply
Accounting systems
to track expenses
Attracting quality
people by offering
them stock &
benefits

Carnegies Vertical
Integration:

Carnegie attempted
to control as much
of the steel
industry as possible
How? Vertical
integration; he
bought out his
suppliers (coal
fields, iron mines,
ore freighters, and
rail lines) in order
to control materials
and transportation

Horizontal Consolidation:

Additionally, Carnegie
bought up the
competition through
friendly and hostile
takeovers
This is known as
Horizontal
Consolidation; buying
companies that produce
similar products in this
case other steel
companies
By 1901 he produced
80% of the nations
steel

Business Growth and

Consolidation

Mergers could result

in a monopoly (Trust)
A monopoly is
complete control over
an industry
An example of
consolidation: In 1870,
Rockefeller Standard
Oil Company owned
2% of the countrys
crude oil
By 1880 it controlled
90% of U.S. crude oil

Social Darwinism:

Charles Darwin
LIMITED HIS
FINDINGS TO
THE ANIMAL
WORLD

Herbert Spencer
COINED THE
PHRASE
SURVIVAL OF
THE FITTEST

The philosophy known

as Social Darwinism has
its origins in Darwins
theory of evolution
Darwin theorized that
some individuals in a
species flourish and
pass their traits on
while others do not
Social Darwinists (like
Herbert Spencer)
believed riches was a
sign of Gods favor, and
being poor was a sign
of inferiority and
laziness

Laissez-Faire Economics

Theory based on the French term

allow to do
The marketplace should not be
interfered with by the government
through the use of regulations
Basically: The more competition
the better!

Robber Barons:

Alarmed at the cutthroat tactics of

industrialists, critics
began to call them
Robber Barons
(based on European
feudalism)
Famous Robber
Barons included
Carnegie, Rockefeller,
Vanderbilt, Stanford,
and J.P. Morgan
(pictured)

Robber Barons Were

Generous Too:

ROCKEFELLER
CHAPEL UNIVERSITY
OF CHICAGO

Despite being labeled

as greedy barons, rich
industrialists did have
a generous side
When very rich people
give away lots of
money it is called
Philanthropy
Carnegie built libraries,
Rockefeller, Leland
Stanford, and Cornelius
Vanderbilt built schools
Rockefeller and Carnegie
gave an estimated $825
million dollars to the
community

Carnegies Gospel of
Wealth

People should be allowed to earn as

much money as possible without
interference BUT
People should also pass along money to
worthy causes
In Carnegies case 90% of his wealth

What do think about

Carnegies gospel of
wealth?
Totally agree
Somewhat
agree
Somewhat
disagree
Completely
disagree.

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Sherman Anti-Trust Act:

In 1890, the Sherman

Anti-Trust Act made it
illegal to form a monopoly
(Trust)
Prosecuting companies
under the Act was not
easy a business would
simply reorganize into
single companies to avoid
prosecution (Instead of 1
giant Standard Oil, there
would be many smaller
versions)
Seven of eight cases
brought before the
Supreme Court were
thrown out (Very difficult
to enforce!)

Workers Had Poor

Conditions:

Workers routinely
worked 6 or 7 days a
week, had no vacations,
no sick leave, and no
compensation for
injuries, worked in
unsanitary, poorly
ventilated environments
Injuries were common
In 1882, an average of
675 workers were killed
PER WEEK on the job
Men earned roughly
$498 per year, women
$269 andCarnegie $23
MILLION

Labor Unions Emerge:

As conditions for
laborers worsened,
workers realized they
needed to organize
The first large-scale
national organization of
workers was the National
Labor Union in 1866
(William Sylvis) He
encouraged to open
membership to all people
The Colored National
Labor Union followed
when certain unions
refused AfricanAmericans to join

Craft Unions:

Craft Unions were unions of

workers in a skilled trade
Samuel Gompers led the
Cigar Makers International
Union to join with other craft
unions in 1886
Gompers became president of
the American Federation of
Labor (AFL)
He focused on collective
bargaining to improve
conditions, wages and hours
Collective bargaining (group
negotiations were used but
strikes were also a popular tactic!
By 1915 the AFL won major
victories in wages (17.50 to 24
dollars a week) and in hours
(54.5 to 49 hours per week)

Industrial Unionism:

Some unions were

formed with workers
within a specific
industry
Eugene Debs
attempted this
Industrial Union
with the railway
workers
In 1894, the new
union won a strike
for higher wages
and at its peak had
150,000 members

Socialism and the IWW

Some unionists (including

Debs) turned to a
socialism an economic
and political system
based on government
control of business and
property and an equal
distribution of wealth
among all citizens
The International Workers
of the World (IWW) or
Wobblies, was one such
socialist union (Led by
William Haywood)
Called for the joining of all
workers (skilled, unskilled, all
genders and races)

Strikes Turn Violent:

Several strikes turned

deadly in the late 19th
century as workers and
owners clashed
The Great Strike of 1877:
Workers for the
Baltimore and Ohio
Railroad struck to
protest wage cuts
Other rail workers across
the country struck in
sympathy
Federal troops were
called in to end the
strike at the request of
President Hayes

The Haymarket Affair:

Labor leaders continued

to push for change
and on May 4, 1886
3,000 people gathered
at Chicagos Haymarket
Square to protest police
treatment of striking
workers
A bomb exploded near
the police line killing 7
cops and several
workers
Radicals were rounded
up and executed for the
crime

The Homestead Strike:

Even Andrew Carnegie

could not escape a
workers strike
Conditions and wages
were not satisfactory in
his Steel plant in
Pennsylvania and workers
struck in 1892
Carnegie hired Pinkerton
Detectives to guard the
plant and allow scabs to
work
Detectives and strikers
clashed 3 detectives and
9 strikers died
The National guard
restored order workers
returned to work

The Pullman Strike:

After the Pullman

Company laid off
thousands of workers
and cut wages, the
workers went on strike
in the spring of 1894
Eugene Debs
(American Railroad
Union) tried to settle
dispute which turned
violent
Pullman hired scabs
and fired the strikers
Federal troops were
brought in
Debs was jailed

Women Organize:

Although women were

barred from most unions,
they did organize behind
powerful leaders such as
Mary Harris Jones
She organized the United
Mine Workers of America
Mine workers gave her
the nickname, Mother
Jones
Pauline Newman
organized the
International Ladies
Garment Workers Union
at the age of 16

Employers Fight Unions:

The more powerful the

unions became, the more
employers came to fear
them
Employers often forbade
union meetings and
refused to recognize
unions
Employers forced new
workers to sign Yellow
Dog Contracts,
swearing that they
would never join a union
Despite those efforts,
the AFL had over 2
million members by 1914

What do you think of modern

day unions?
They are still
necessary.
They should be
limited.
They are unnecessary
but I dont have an
issue with them.
They are unnecessary
and impede and
interfere with
business.

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