Fluids Statics

Fluids statics
The general rules of statics (as applied in solid mechanics)
apply to fluids at rest. From earlier we know that:
a static fluid can have no shearing force acting on it,
any force between the fluid and the boundary must be acting
at right angles to the boundary.
The forces on any fluid particle are the result of gravity and
pressure only. ( we are neglecting surface tension and
assuming that no electromagnetic forces act on the fluid)

The pressure has the following three characteristics.

1.
The pressure of a fluid always acts perpendicular to the wall in
contact with the fluid.

The normal stress and shear stress

at the surface of a fluid element. For
fluids at rest, the shear stress is zero
and pressure is the only normal stress.

Pascal Law
2. The values of the pressure acting at any point in a fluid at rest are equal
regardless of its direction.

Pressure acting on a minute triangular prism

3. The fluid pressure applied to a fluid in a closed vessel is transmitted

to all parts at the same pressure value as that applied (Pascals
law).

Hydraulic press

The Basic Equations of Fluid Statics

Pressure-Height Relation

Hydrostatics

p = tekanan absolut

Pressure in liquid

Pressure Variation in a static Fluid

Compressible Fluid: Ideal Gas

Need additional
information, e.g., T(z)
for atmosphere

Pressure Variation in a Static Fluid

Troposphere

Per. 2.26

In the sea level surface p0,

0 and z0 = 0.
po = 101,303 Pa (14.696 lb/in2)
= lapse rate (koefisien muai untuk
udara) = 0,00650 K/m.
For U.S Standard Atmosphere
To = 15oC = 288.15 K (59oF or
518.67oR)

g
z R

p po 1
T0

Per. 2.27

Pressure Variation in a Static Fluid

Stratosphere

Stratosphere
Temperature constant
T=Tc=216,7 K=319,1 R
Zc=11 km (36000ft)
Pc=22600 Pa (3,28 lb/in2)

p pc e

g z zc
RTc

Per 2.24

Pressure Variation in a static Fluid

Ionosphere
DISCONTINUM FLUID

Pressure Measurement
Barometers
A barometer is a device for
measuring atmospheric pressure. A
simple barometer consists of a tube
more than 30 inch (760 mm) long
inserted in an open container of
mercury with a closed and
evacuated end at the top and open
tube end at the bottom and with
mercury
extending
from
the
container up into the tube.

Pressure Gauges
There are two types pressure measurement :
1. Tube gauges : a. piezometer tube b. manometer tube
2. Mechanical gauge : bourdon manometer

Pressure Measurement
1. Tube gauges
a. piezometer tube
This method can only be used for liquids (i.e.
not for gases) and only when the liquid height is
convenient to measure (just positive pressure).
It must not be too small or too large and
pressure changes must be detectable.

p A gh1

Pressure Measurement
b. Manometers
A somewhat more complicated device for measuring fluid pressure
consists of a bent tube containing one or more liquid of different specific
gravities
Manometers - Various forms
1. Simple U - tube Manometer : a. positive, b negative
2. Deferential Manometer
3. Inverted Differential U - tube Manometer
4. Micrometers Manometer
a. U - tube with one leg enlarged,
b Two leg enlarged U - tube Manometer,
c. Inclined U - tube Manometer

Simple U Tube Manometer

a. Positive pressure
pD pa patmosfire
pB pC

p A p AB p D pCD
p A p D man gh2 1 gh1
pressure gauge
p A man gh2 1 gh1

Simple U Tube Manometer

b. Negative pressure
pD pa patmosfire
pD pC patmosfere
pC pCB pBA p A

p A pC ( man gh2 1ghl )

pressure gage
p A ( man gh2 1 ghl )

Measurement Of Pressure Difference Using a

"U"-Tube Manometer
If the "U"-tube manometer is connected to a pressurized vessel at two points
the pressure difference between these two points can be measured.

pa pl gL l gh man gh l gL pb

Deferential Inverted U - tube Manometer

Katup yg berfungsi membuang gas saat
sebelum dilakukan pengukuran

p1 p2 gH

Two fluids U-tube with one leg enlarged

Micromanometer
Small differences in pressure in gases are often measured with a
manometer of the form shown in the figure.

p1 p2 gH , gh

D1 d 2 h H
p1 p2 gH

Two fluids U-tube Micromanometer

p1 p2 gh

Inclined Micromanometer

p1 p2 gH

The sensitivity to pressure change can be increased further by a greater inclination of the
manometer arm; alternatively the density of the manometer fluid may be changed.

Advance and Limitation Manometer

The manometer in its various forms is an extremely useful type of pressure measuring
instrument, but suffers from a number of limitations.
While it can be adapted to measure very small pressure differences, it can not be
used conveniently for large pressure differences - although it is possible to connect a
number of manometers in series and to use mercury as the manometer fluid to
improve the range. (limitation)
A manometer does not have to be calibrated against any standard; the pressure
difference can be calculated from first principles. ( Advantage)
Some liquids are unsuitable for use because they do not form well-defined menisci.
Surface tension can also cause errors due to capillary rise; this can be avoided if the
diameters of the tubes are sufficiently large - preferably not less than 15 mm
diameter. (limitation)
A major disadvantage of the manometer is its slow response, which makes it
unsuitable for measuring fluctuating pressures.(limitation)
It is essential that the pipes connecting the manometer to the pipe or vessel
containing the liquid under pressure should be filled with this liquid and there should
be no air bubbles in the liquid.(important point to be kept in mind)
Fluid that is measured cannot mixture or reaction with manometer fluid

Mechanical Gauge
Bourdon Gauge