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DOCTORINE OF
ACCOUNTABILITY
ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
Administrative lawisthebodyoflawthatgovernsthe
activitiesofadministrativeagenciesofgovernment.
Governmentagencyactioncanincluderulemaking,
adjudication,ortheenforcementofaspecificregulatory
agenda.Administrativelawisconsideredabranchof
publiclaw.Asabodyoflaw,administrativelawdeals
withthedecision-makingofadministrativeunitsof
government.Administrativelawexpandedgreatly
duringthetwentiethcentury,aslegislativebodies.
DEFINATIONS
Ivor Jennings
AdministrativeLawisthelawrelatingtothe
administration.Itdeterminestheorganization,powers
anddutiesoftheadministrativeauthorities.
Kennith Culp Davis
AdministrativeLawisthelawconcerningthe
powersandproceduresofadministrativeagencies,
includingespeciallythelawgoverningjudicial
reviewofadministrativeaction.
AccordingtoJainNJain-Administrativelaw
dealswiththecompositionandpowersofthe
administrativeauthority,fixesthelimitsofthe
poweroftheseauthorities,prescribesthe
proceduretobefollowedbytheseauthoritiesin
exercisingthesepowersandcontrolthese
administrativeauthoritiesthroughjudicialand
othermeans.
1. FUNCTIONS PERFORM
AdministrativeorexecutiveIthastwopowers
Discrenatorypowers
Ministerialpowers
QuasiLegislative
QuasiJudicial
3. METHODS TO BE CONTROL TO
ADMINISTRATIVE AUTHORITY
Parliamentarycontrol
Judicialcontrol
Lokpal
CentralVigilanceCommission
4. REMEDIES
ConstitutionalRemedy-Article32andArticle
226
OrdinaryRemedy-Stayorder,Declaration,
Compensation,Injunction.
DOCTORINE OF ACCOUNTABILITY
Accountabilityreferstotheprocessofholdingpersons
or organisations responsible for performance as
objectively as possible. India, as a parliamentary
democracy,haselectedlegislaturesthathaveoversight
functions over the Executive and an independent
judiciary that can hold both the legislative and
executivearmsofthestateaccountable.Ithasavariety
of independent authorities and commissions that
perform accountability functions vis--vis different
partsofthegovernment.
EVOLUTION OF DOCTORINE OF
ACCOUNTABILITY
Themostimportantcasewhichelaboratedthescopeof
doctrineofpublicaccountabilityisA.G. Hong Kong v.
Reid. In this case, Reid who was a Crown prosecutor
took bribes to suppress certain criminal cases and
purchased properties with the bribe money. The Hong
Kong Government claimed these properties stating that
the owners thereof are constructive trustees of the
Crown.TheCourtupheldtheclaimandobservedthata
gift taken by a public officer as an incentive for breach
constitutedabribe.
RIGHT TO INFORMATION
The right to information is defined in sec. 2(j) as a right to
information accessible under the Act which is held by or under the
controlofanypublicauthorityandincludesarightto
(i)inspectionofwork,documents,records,
(ii)Takingnotes,extractsorcertifiedcopiesofdocumentsorrecords,
(iii)Takingseparatesamplesofmaterial,
(iv) Obtaining information in the form of diskettes, floppies, tapes,
video cassettes or in any other electronic mode or through printouts
wheresuchinformationisstoredinacomputerorinanyotherdevice.
JUDICIAL REVIEW
Judicial reviewisthedoctrineunderwhichlegislativeandexecutive
actions are subject to review (and possible invalidation) by the
judiciary.Aspecificcourtwithjudicialreviewpowermayannulthe
acts of the state when it finds them incompatible with a higher
authority(suchasthetermsofawrittenconstitution).Judicialreview
is an example ofcheckandbalancesin a modern governmental
system (where the judiciary checks the other branches of
government). This principle is interpreted differently in different
jurisdictions, which also have differing views on the different
hierarchy of governmental norms. As a result, the procedure and
scopeofjudicialreviewmaydifferfromcountrytocountryandstate
tostate.
CONCLUSION
Accountabilityisoneofthosegoldenconceptsthatnoonecanbe
against. It is increasingly used in political discourse and policy
documents because it conveys an image of transparency and
trustworthiness.However,itsevocativepowersmakeitalsoavery
elusive concept because it can mean many different things to
different people, as anyone studying accountability will soon
discover. This paper nevertheless tries to develop an analytical
framework for the empirical study of accountability arrangements
inthepublicdomain.Itstartsfromanarrow,relationaldefinitionof
accountabilityanddistinguishesanumberofindicatorsthatcanbe
used to identify and classify accountability arrangements.
Furthermore, it develops three perspectives to assess and evaluate
accountabilityarrangementsinthepublicdomain.
TO,
ASST PROF PRIYA UMBARKAR
FROM,
AMAN DAS
B.A. LL.B (4TH SEM)