PRESENTATION :

GROUP MEMBERS :
Talha Asif (14k-2246)
Sohaib Hashmi (14k-2121)
Asfar Abbas (14k-2295)
Fawzan Ahmed (14k-2330)
Hamza Masood (14k-2198)
Umair Siddiqui (14k-2222)
Abdur Rehman (14k-2429)

TOPICS :
Alexander

The Great
The Mauryan Empire
The Kushans

ALEXANDER THE
GREAT

BIOGRAPHY
NAME : Alexander the Great
BIRTH DATE : 20,July,356BC
DEATH DATE : 13,June,323BC
LIFE SPENT : 33 years
EDUCATION : Temple of the Nymps at
Meiza (where Aristotle tutored him)
PLACE OF BIRTH : Pella,Macedonia
NICKNAME : King of Babylon, King of Asia,
King of the Four Quarters of the World
AS A KING : 336-323 BC

EARLY EDUCATION
Alexander

received his earliest

education under the tutelage of
Leonidas.
Alexander's next tutor was Lysimachus,
who used role-playing to capture the
restless boy's attention.
In 343 B.C., King Philip II hired the
philosopher Aristotle to tutor Alexander
at the Temple of the Nymphs at Meiza.

WHY THE GREAT ??

In

a very early age , he conqurered

more than half world , approximately
10 years .

Alexander

spread Greek culture,

ensuring cultural diffusion and the
survival of the qualities of classical
Greece

FIRST BATTLE
338 BC , In battle of Charonea
He showed his all skills in this battle ,
although he was only 18

BEING A KING
In 336BC when his father passed away
he become The king of Macedonia.
He started planning to defeat Persian
Empire.

In 333 BC Alexander Defeated the

larger force of KingDarius IIIof
Persia at the Battle of Issos.
In 332 BC he conqueredSyria.
In 331 BC, he conquered (Egypt)
where he founded the city
ofAlexandria.

FINAL BATTLE WITH

DARIUS
At the Battle of Gaugamela, fought in
331 B.C.
Darius III was captured and killed by
his own troops.(Bessus)
Alexander Killed Bessus
Alexander Killed two of his closest
friends

The killing of Parmerio and Murder of Cleitus

The two mystries of Alexander the

Great
1.

Killed his own man and his mans

son

2.

Killed his own close friend while

being drunk

The Gordian Knot

The

legend behind the ancient knot was that the man

who could untie it was destined to rule the entire world.

Alexander

simply slashed the knot with his sword and

unraveled it.

The final campaigns

In

327 BC , He defeated King Porus.

Alexanders

days in central Asia were

not all unhappy. After his troops had
captured a fortress at a place called
Sogdian Rock in 327 B.C. he met
Roxana, the daughter of a local ruler.
The two married and, at the time of
Alexanders death, they had an
unborn son.

Alexanders Empire :

Less known Facts of well

known Alexander
Alexander

was one of the few

kings(leaders) of the world who had
reign(kingdom) over more than half
of the world along with Gengis Khan
or more commonly known as
Changaiz Khan.

Whenever an army conquers a land it

always bring new reforms to that place
regarding laws and state affairs.Due to
this reason, in his time many cities and
towns were named after him and some of
them still exists today like, Alexandria - a
city in Egypt or better known as
'Iskandariya' in the local language.

 According

to historians it is said that

Sad-e-Sikandri, a wall in Iran, was
built by him.

Alexander

entered in the
subcontinent through North of
Pakistan near Swat. In order to enter
in this region he climbed with his
enormous army the famous peak
known as 'Pir Sar'.

 When

he entered the
subcontinent his army resided in
a small valley of Chitral, known
as 'Kailash' or 'Kafiristan'. Due
to this reason people living in
that valley even today, follow
the culture and religion of
Alexander and his people.

 It

is also said that, his wife known as

'Roxanne' belonged to that area.

 When

Alexander along with his army

passed through the Khewra, the
horses of his army started licking the
rocks and ground there and hence
he became the one who discovered
salt mines in Khewra.

 When

Alexander and his man saw

cotton fields for the first time in
subcontinent, they were in a state of
amazement and thought that in this
region wool is grown on plants!

 In

Punjab, near Jhelum Alexander

built a monument for his beloved
horse who died there.

 Alexanders

life in subcontinent had

a great impact on its culture and
language. Many proverbs were made
which included his name and many
poets wrote their poetry on
Alexander.

 The

story of Zulqarnain (two horn

headed) and Alexander.

Final Days
Alexander's

campaign of domination had started when

he crossed the Hellespont to conquer the Persian Empire
(seeAlexander Defeats the Persians, 331 BC ). Victorious
after three major battles and the death of the Persian
leader Darius III in 330 BC, Alexander continued his
march eastward into the area to the west and north of
India. He vanquished all who challenged his authority
and would have extended his dominion into India and
the lands beyond if his army had not balked, forcing him
to abandon his plans to continue his march eastward.

Now

that he had returned to Baghdad after years of

military campaigning, Alexander took the opportunity to
rest and to plan his next conquest.

Alexanders Death
After

returning to Baghdad after years of

military campaigning, Alexander took the
opportunity to rest and to plan his next
conquest.
On May 29 he attended a dinner given by a
close friend. Alexander joined in the heavy
drinking during the day-long event.
Complaining that he did not feel well, he went
to bed. Alexander's health steadily
deteriorated as fever wracked his body.
Finally, too weak to leave his bed, the
conqueror of the world died ten days after he
was stricken.

Cause of Death
The

exact cause of Alexander's

death is unknown. Historians have
debated the issue for centuries,
attributing it to poison, malaria,
typhoid fever or other maladies.

What is agreed upon is that the

Macedonian king died in early June
323 BC while suffering a high fever
that had lasted ten days.

After his death

After

his death, his empire was

carved up among his generals.

Hence

not maintaining the same

power and unity his empire soon
disintegrated.

Some

rebels stood up to get their

land back while some conquerors
came to conquer the weaken empire.

 In

subcontinent, the areas that were

under Alexander, after his death
came under his generals.

Seeing

the empire was weakening,

Mauryans started rebellion along
with establishing their own empire.

THE MAURYAN EMPIRE

TOPICS
Margadha
ChandraGupta

Mauriya
Formation of Mauryan Empire
Mauryan government
Economical condition
Trade
Cities
Retirement of chandragupta
Bindusara

Margadha
One

of the largest states of India.

located in the eastern part of the
Ganges plain.
currently a part of modern Bihar,
eastern Uttar Pradesh and Bengal
(eastern side).
Capital is pataliputra(patna)

ChandraGupta Mauriya
founder

of the Maurya dynasty

ruled for 34 years
Chanakya: the chief advisor

Formation of Mauryan Empire

Drove

out the successors of

Alexander from india.
Started a rebellion to dethrone
nanda king.
Conquered northern India and
easternmost areas till afghanistan.

Mauryan government
Arthashastra:

the chanakyas book.

Division of administrative districts.
hierarchy of officials.
strong espionage system
Rules were made even for the king

Economical condition
common

economic system
Good stress on agriculture
Facilities to the farmers
Central tax collection

Trade
The

Khyber Pass
important trade partners
Indias export goods

Cities
Formation

of capital.
Highly populated peaceful city

Retirement of chandragupta
Undisputed

ruler.
United the whole northern india.
Turned towards religion.

Bindusara
Son

of chandragupta.
Run the administration smoothly
Further conquests.

THE KUSHAN EMPIRE

BACTARIAN GREEKS
GREEKS

GAINED INDEPENDENCE
FROM SELEUCIDS
ASHOKAs RULE WAS WEAKEND
DEMITRUS A BACTARINA GREEK
RULER CONQURERD KABUL VALLEY
AND HIS SUCCESSORS CHARGED
TOWARDS NORTHERN INDIA

FALL OF SUNGA
THE

HINDU GENERAL PHUSYAMITRA

SUNGA DEFEATED THE LAST OF
MAURYAN PRINCE
A BATTLE BETWEEN GREEKS AND
SUNGA WAS FAUGHT WHICH STOPED
THE NORTH INDIAN CONQUEST
BUT SUNGA POWER FELL AND HIS
DECLINE STARTED

MENANDERs PERIOD
MANADER

ONE OF THE GREATEST GREEK

RULER WHO RULE KABUL VALLEY AND THE
PAKISTAN AREA INDEPENDENT OF THE
BACTARIAN EMPIRE.. HE WAS KNOWN AS
MILIAN BY THE BUDDHIST
HE RUBILT TAXILA AND PUSHKALAVATI (NOW
CHARSADDHA)
THESE TOWNS WERE THE CENTER OF TRADE
AND WERE THE TWIN CAPITAL CITIES
BUT BY NOW ALEXANDERS FAVOURITE GOD
DIONYSUS WAS BEING WORSHIPED

THE CENTRAL ASIA

DURING

THIS TIME HUGH CHANGES

OCCURRED IN CENTRAL ASIA AND
MOST OF THE KINGDOM FALL AND
RISE
A NEW ERA OF MIGRATION STARTED
JUST LIKE THE ARYANS MIGRATED
THOUSANDS YEAR BACK
(MIGRATION STRATED FROM
CENTRAL ASIA TO SOUTHWARD)

THE KUSHANS PERIOD

THE

KUSHAN EMERGED FORM THE

KUSHANA TRIBES WHICH LATER MERGED
TO FORM KUSHANA KINGDOM OF BACTARIA

THE

KUSHANA KING KUJULA KADPHISES

TOOK GANDHARA FROM PARTHIANS .
THE KUSHANA RULE WAS EXTENDED AS
FAR AS MATHURA IN THE NORTH INDIA
THE KUSHANA ATTACKED CHINESE BUT
DEFEATED AND HAD TO GIVE TIRBUTE

HOW DID THEY RISE

KUSHANA RISE AND BECAME

PROSPEROUS AND POWERFULL BY
CONTROLLING AND TAXING THE
TRAE ROUTES ALONG THE SILK
ROUTS BETWEEN CHINA AND
MIDITERRIAN

THE TRADE AND

INDUSTRY
KUSHANS

RULED THE TRADE WORLD

THEY WERE ONCE AMOUNG THE
GREATEST TRADE ROUTE HOLDERS
THEY OWNED SILK ROUTES AND THE
ROUTES FROM CHINA TO NORTH INDIA
AND BEYOND
THE KUSHANS COULD SEND CHINESE AND
INDIAN GOODS BY MEANS LAND AND SEA.
THIS SEA ROUTE WAS ONE TO THE MOST
IMPORTANT OF THAT TIME

THEIR ECONOMY
THEY HAD GREAT ADVANTAGE OF
JEWELLERY,PERFUMES,DYES,SPICEAND
MUSLIN TEXTILE
ALL THESE GOODS WERE OF HIGH
DEMAND IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE
THE FLOW OF GOLD AND COINS FROM
ROME WAS IN SUCH A WAY THAT THE
ROMAN ECONOMY HAD TO FACE GREAT
SET BACKS AND SERIOUS PROBLEMS.

SCIENCE,ARTS AND
LITERATURE
THE

KAUSHAN WERE HIGHLY ADVANCED IN

THE FIELD OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

AS

STATED IN MANY BOOKS IT IS SAID

FIRST SCIENTIFIC MEDICAL OPERATION
WAS CARRIED IN THE KAUSHAN EMPIRE
THEY WERE THE ONES TO WRITE
LITERATURE IN SANSKRIT KAROSHTI AND
BRAHMI SCRIPTS
THERE MAIN LANGUAGE WAS PRAKRIT

The origin of kushan

empire
1. Formed in India in 1st AD
century.
2. Area lye under the Greco
Bactrian kingdom.
3. Speeded from Kabul valley to
indo Greek kingdom.
4. Official language indo European
Bactrian language.

 Expansion

between 1st and 2nd

Ad century.
The emerging of their greatest
emperor kanishka.
The time period of kanishka
rule 127 Ad 152 Ad.
His work for the expansion of
Buddhism religion.

Their

Fort in batindha made by

achievements: terrestrial
kanishka. expansion

Expansion

of empire from kotal

,peshawar,taxila.
The migration of people from Indian
subcontinent towards south east
Asia.
Their dominance in northern India,
which includes peshawar,hindu Kush,
gandhara.

Map of kushan empire

The decline of kushan empire

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

6.

the death of vasudeva 1 in 225 Ad.

The division if kushan empire into
eastern and western dynasty.
The invasion by Persian Sassanid.
The Persian dominance.
The snatching of power by
dispatching kushan empire by the
guptas.
The emergence of Gupta dynasty.

CONCLUSION
:

SHUKRIYA