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  • As 1 2 2 The Bohr Effect

    Enviado por

    qwedcxzas
    35 visualizações9 páginas
    Regular exercise and a balanced diet are needed to keep the body healthy. Too little food leads to a person being underweight and prone to certain types of illness, while too much food and not enough exercise leads to a person being overweight and other types of ill health. Nutrients A mixture of different types of food in the correct amounts is needed to maintain health. The main food groups are carbohydrates, fats and proteins. This table summarises some typical sources of these nutrients and why our bodies need them. The main food groups Food group Found in Needed by our bodies for: Carbohydrates potato, banana, pasta potatoes, pasta, bread, bananas, sugar and rice a source of energy for life processes Fats cheese cheese, butter, margarine and oils a source of energy for life processes: fats are also needed to make cell membranes and to insulate our bodies Proteins meat meat, fish, eggs and cheese growth and repair - building cells Mineral ions and vitamins are also important in a healthy diet. They are needed in small amounts for healthy functioning of the body. Imbalanced diets An imbalanced diet causes a person to become malnourished. For example: too little food may lead to a person being underweight too much food may lead to a person being overweight. A poor diet may also lead to deficiency diseases. For example, too little vitamin D in the diet can lead to rickets, which affects the proper growth of the skeleton. Type 2 diabetes is also a problem related to poor diet. Note that you do not need to know how the nutrients work or the effects of any particular deficiency in the diet for your exam.Regular exercise and a balanced diet are needed to keep the body healthy. Too little food leads to a person being underweight and prone to certain types of illness, while too much food and not enough exercise leads to a person being overweight and other types of ill health. Nutrients A mixture of different types of food in the correct amounts is needed to maintain health. The main food groups are carbohydrates, fats and proteins. This table summarises some typical sources of these nutrients and why our bodies need them. The main food groups Food group Found in Needed by our bodies for: Carbohydrates potato, banana, pasta potatoes, pasta, bread, bananas, sugar and rice a source of energy for life processes Fats cheese cheese, butter, margarine and oils a source of energy for life processes: fats are also needed to make cell membranes and to insulate our bodies Proteins meat meat, fish, eggs and cheese growth and repair - building cells Mineral ions and vitamins are also important in a healthy diet. They are needed in small amounts for healthy functioning of the body. Imbalanced diets An imbalanced diet causes a person to become malnourished. For example: too little food may lead to a person being underweight too much food may lead to a person being overweight. A poor diet may also lead to deficiency diseases. For example, too little vitamin D in the diet can lead to rickets, which affects the proper growth of the skeleton. Type 2 diabetes is also a problem related to poor diet. Note that you do not need to know how the nutrients work or the effects of any particular deficiency in the diet for your exam.

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    As 1 2 2 the Bohr Effect

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    Regular exercise and a balanced diet are needed to keep the body healthy. Too little food leads to a person being underweight and prone to certain types of illness, while too much food and not enough exercise leads to a person being overweight and other types of ill health. Nutrients A mixture of different types of food in the correct amounts is needed to maintain health. The main food groups are carbohydrates, fats and proteins. This table summarises some typical sources of these nutrients and why our bodies need them. The main food groups Food group Found in Needed by our bodies for: Carbohydrates potato, banana, pasta potatoes, pasta, bread, bananas, sugar and rice a source of energy for life processes Fats cheese cheese, butter, margarine and oils a source of energy for life processes: fats are also needed to make cell membranes and to insulate our bodies Proteins meat meat, fish, eggs and cheese growth and repair - building cells Mineral ions and vitamins are also important in a healthy diet. They are needed in small amounts for healthy functioning of the body. Imbalanced diets An imbalanced diet causes a person to become malnourished. For example: too little food may lead to a person being underweight too much food may lead to a person being overweight. A poor diet may also lead to deficiency diseases. For example, too little vitamin D in the diet can lead to rickets, which affects the proper growth of the skeleton. Type 2 diabetes is also a problem related to poor diet. Note that you do not need to know how the nutrients work or the effects of any particular deficiency in the diet for your exam.Regular exercise and a balanced diet are needed to keep the body healthy. Too little food leads to a person being underweight and prone to certain types of illness, while too much food and not enough exercise leads to a person being overweight and other types of ill health. Nutrients A mixture of different types of food in the correct amounts is needed to maintain health. The main food groups are carbohydrates, fats and proteins. This table summarises some typical sources of these nutrients and why our bodies need them. The main food groups Food group Found in Needed by our bodies for: Carbohydrates potato, banana, pasta potatoes, pasta, bread, bananas, sugar and rice a source of energy for life processes Fats cheese cheese, butter, margarine and oils a source of energy for life processes: fats are also needed to make cell membranes and to insulate our bodies Proteins meat meat, fish, eggs and cheese growth and repair - building cells Mineral ions and vitamins are also important in a healthy diet. They are needed in small amounts for healthy functioning of the body. Imbalanced diets An imbalanced diet causes a person to become malnourished. For example: too little food may lead to a person being underweight too much food may lead to a person being overweight. A poor diet may also lead to deficiency diseases. For example, too little vitamin D in the diet can lead to rickets, which affects the proper growth of the skeleton. Type 2 diabetes is also a problem related to poor diet. Note that you do not need to know how the nutrients work or the effects of any particular deficiency in the diet for your exam.

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    35 visualizações9 páginas

    As 1 2 2 The Bohr Effect

    Enviado por

    qwedcxzas
    Regular exercise and a balanced diet are needed to keep the body healthy. Too little food leads to a person being underweight and prone to certain types of illness, while too much food and not enough exercise leads to a person being overweight and other types of ill health. Nutrients A mixture of different types of food in the correct amounts is needed to maintain health. The main food groups are carbohydrates, fats and proteins. This table summarises some typical sources of these nutrients and why our bodies need them. The main food groups Food group Found in Needed by our bodies for: Carbohydrates potato, banana, pasta potatoes, pasta, bread, bananas, sugar and rice a source of energy for life processes Fats cheese cheese, butter, margarine and oils a source of energy for life processes: fats are also needed to make cell membranes and to insulate our bodies Proteins meat meat, fish, eggs and cheese growth and repair - building cells Mineral ions and vitamins are also important in a healthy diet. They are needed in small amounts for healthy functioning of the body. Imbalanced diets An imbalanced diet causes a person to become malnourished. For example: too little food may lead to a person being underweight too much food may lead to a person being overweight. A poor diet may also lead to deficiency diseases. For example, too little vitamin D in the diet can lead to rickets, which affects the proper growth of the skeleton. Type 2 diabetes is also a problem related to poor diet. Note that you do not need to know how the nutrients work or the effects of any particular deficiency in the diet for your exam.Regular exercise and a balanced diet are needed to keep the body healthy. Too little food leads to a person being underweight and prone to certain types of illness, while too much food and not enough exercise leads to a person being overweight and other types of ill health. Nutrients A mixture of different types of food in the correct amounts is needed to maintain health. The main food groups are carbohydrates, fats and proteins. This table summarises some typical sources of these nutrients and why our bodies need them. The main food groups Food group Found in Needed by our bodies for: Carbohydrates potato, banana, pasta potatoes, pasta, bread, bananas, sugar and rice a source of energy for life processes Fats cheese cheese, butter, margarine and oils a source of energy for life processes: fats are also needed to make cell membranes and to insulate our bodies Proteins meat meat, fish, eggs and cheese growth and repair - building cells Mineral ions and vitamins are also important in a healthy diet. They are needed in small amounts for healthy functioning of the body. Imbalanced diets An imbalanced diet causes a person to become malnourished. For example: too little food may lead to a person being underweight too much food may lead to a person being overweight. A poor diet may also lead to deficiency diseases. For example, too little vitamin D in the diet can lead to rickets, which affects the proper growth of the skeleton. Type 2 diabetes is also a problem related to poor diet. Note that you do not need to know how the nutrients work or the effects of any particular deficiency in the diet for your exam.

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    de 9

    The Bohr effect

    The Bohr effect


    Learning outcome:
    To describe and explain the effects of raised
    carbon dioxide concentrations on the
    haemoglobin dissociation curve.
    To learn how carbon dioxide is transported in
    blood.

    What determines the loading


    and unloading of oxygen by
    haemoglobin?
    The amount of oxygen that
    haemoglobin carries is affected
    by:

    1)
    2)

    High
    pC02

    The partial pressure of oxygen


    and
    The partial pressure of carbon
    dioxide

    The presence of a high partial pressure of carbon dioxide


    causes haemoglobin to release oxygen.

    This is called the Bohr effect

    Haemoglobin
    releases
    oxygen

    The Bohr effect


    During respiration, CO2 is produced.
    This diffuses into the blood plasma
    and into the red blood cells.

    1.

    Inside the red blood cells are many


    molecules of an enzyme called
    carbonic anhydrase *.
    CO2
    It catalyses the reaction between
    CO2 and H2O.

    2.

    3.

    CO2
    carbon
    dioxide

    4.

    Red cell

    H2O

    water

    The resulting carbonic acid then


    dissociates into HCO3- + H+.
    (Both reactions are reversible).

    plasma

    H2O

    H2CO3

    HCO3- + H+.

    H2CO3
    carbonic
    acid

    HCO3-

    The Bohr effect (continued)


    5.

    6.

    7.

    Haemoglobin very readily combines with


    hydrogen ions forming haemoglobinic acid.
    As a consequence haemoglobin releases
    some of the oxygen it is carrying.
    By removing hydrogen ions from the
    solution, haemoglobin helps to maintain the
    pH of the blood close to neutral. It is acting
    as a buffer.

    The Bohr effect


    Three Oxygen Dissociation
    curves illustrating the Bohr
    Effect.
    Increased carbon dioxide in
    the blood causes a right-shift
    in the curves, such that the
    haemoglobin more easily
    unloads the oxygen it is
    carrying.

    Why is the Bohr effect


    useful?

    High concentrations of carbon dioxide are


    found in actively respiring tissues, which
    need oxygen. Due to the Bohr effect, these
    high carbon dioxide concentrations cause
    haemoglobin to release its oxygen even more
    readily than it would do otherwise.

    How is carbon dioxide


    transported?

    Carbon dioxide is mostly carried as


    hydrogencarbonate ions in blood
    plasma, but also in combination with
    haemoglobin in red blood cells
    (carbamino-haemoglobin) and
    dissolved as carbon dioxide molecules
    in blood plasma.

    Carbon dioxide
    transport About 5% of the CO
    2

    produced simply dissolves in


    the blood plasma.

    About 85% of the CO2 produced by


    respiration diffuses into the red blood cells
    and forms carbonic acid under the control
    of carbonic anhydrase.
    The carbonic acid dissociates to produce
    hydrogencarbonate ions (HCO3-)
    The HCO3- diffuses out of the red blood
    cell into the plasma

    Some CO2 diffuses into the red


    blood cells but instead of forming
    carbonic acid, attaches directly onto
    the haemoglobin molecules to form
    carbaminohaemoglobin.
    Since the CO2 doesnt bind to the
    haem groups the Haemoglobin is
    still able to pick up O2.

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