SCIENCE

FORM 2

WATER & SOLUTION

Facts: 2/3 of earths

surface is covered with
water.

Physical characteristics of
water
PURE WATER IS

COLOURLESS,
ODOURLESS,
TASTELESS LIQUID

Physical characteristics of water

STATE OF WATER
Sublimation

Melting

Freezing

Boiling

Condensati
on

Physical characteristics of water

FREEZING AND BOILING POINT OF
WATER
Freezing point: the temperature
at which water freeze to form ice.

Boiling point: temperature

when water boils to produce
steam.

Heat is
released

KINETIC
THEORY
Heat is
absorbed

The effect of impurities on the physical characteristics of water.

Freezing point and melting point of water are

same.
Impurities increase the boiling point of water.
Impurities lower the freezing point of water.

The composition of water

O
H

Chemical formula:
H2O

ELECTROLYSIS OF WATER
Electrolysis is a process of to break down a
compound into simpler substances.

H2

cathod
e

O2
Water + dilute sulphuric
acid

anod
e

EVAPORATION OF WATER

SOLUTION AND SOLUBILITY

SOLUTE

SOLVENT

Substances that
dissolves

Substances that
dissolve the
solute

Concentrated solution
It refers to a solution in which much of the
water has been removed.
Dilute solution
to make (a liquid) thinner or weaker by the
addition of water or the like.

Saturated solution
solution in which the maximum amount of solvent
has been dissolved. Any more solute added will sit as
crystals on the bottom of the container.

SUSPENSION
Solution

suspension

homogeneous

Non-homogeneous

Clear/transparent

Cloudy/translucent

Contains one or more soluble

substances

Contains one ore more insoluble

subtances

Contains substances that cannot

be easily separated

Contains substances that easily

be separated

SOLUBILITY
The maximum amount of a solute which can
dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a
fixed temperature.

THE RATE OF DISSOLVING

Time taken for the dissolving process, from the time the
solute is added to the solvent until it has completely
dissolved.

Stirring

Size of
solute

FACTORS
THAT AFFECT
THE
SOLUBILITY
OF SOLUTE
IN WATER

Temperature

Volume
of
solvent

Useful solution
e.g: eye drops, antiseptic
lotion
Transport
dissolved
nutrients and
waste products to
various part of
the body of living
things

Provide plants
with nutrients

WATER AS A
UNIVERSAL
SOLVENT
Supply
dissolved
oxygen to
marine animals

Daily
activities
Supplies CO2
to aquatic
plants

Dissolve
substance
e.g: medicinal
drugs, poisons

Substances that do not dissolve in

water may be soluble in ORGANIC
SOLVENTS

ORGANIC
SOLVENTS

USES

CHLOROFORM

Stick plastics letter & numbers on the number

plats of vehicle

BENZENE

To stick piece of rubber on a punctured tyre

ALCOHOL

Prepare shellac
Dissolve iodine to make antiseptic

AMYL ACETATE

Remove lipstick stain

TURPENTINE

Remove paint from the floor

LIME JUICE

Remove rust

ACIDS AND ALKALIS

ACIDS
Taste: Sour.
Touch: Like water.
Tested with litmus paper: Turn blue litmus red.
pH value: From 0 to less than 7.
Reaction with metals: Form hydrogen and a salt.
Reaction with carbonates: Form a salt, water and carbon
dioxide.
Reaction with ammonium compounds: No reaction.
NEUTRAL

ALKALIS
Taste: Bitter.
Touch: Soapy.
Tested with litmus paper: Turn red litmus blue.
pH value: From above 7 to 14.
Reaction with metals: No reaction.
Reaction with carbonates: No reaction.
Reaction with ammonium compounds: Give off ammonia gas

NEUTRALISATION

A chemical reaction in which an

acid and alkali react to produce
salt and water
ACID + ALKALI SALT + WATER
e.g: NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O

Shampoos
Hair conditioner

toothpaste

APPLICATIONS OF
NEUTRALISATION

slaked lime

bicarbonate
powder

SEDIMENTATIO
N

FILTRATIO
N

CHLORINATIO
N

METHODS OF
WATER
PURIFICATION
OZON
E

DISTILLATI
ON

BOILIN

UV

UV LIGHT

As the water passes through this vessel, microorganisms

are exposed to intense ultraviolet light energy which
causes damage to genetic molecules (i.e. nucleic acids:
DNA or RNA) needed for reproductive functions.
This damage prevents the microorganism from
multiplying or replicating in a human or animal host.
Because the microorganism cannot multiply, no infection
can occur. Disinfection of water is achieved when UV light
causesmicrobial inactivation.

WATER PURIFICATION
1. Water from the rivers are channel into the reservoir.
2. In the Aeration Tank bad smells will be aired and removed from
the water.
3. Alum and Lime are added into the water in the coagulation
tank. Alum will make particles join together to form larger
particles while lime will decrease the acidity of water.
4. In the mixing tank, alum and lime will be evenly distributed in
the water the water.
5. The water travels into the sedimentation tank so that large
particles will sediment to the bottom.
6. Lighter particles which floats on the water will flow into the
filtration tank, suspended particles will be filtered.
7. Clean water will then be stored at the storage tank. In the
storage tank, chlorine and fluorine will be added in the water.

WATER POLLUTION