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The F distribution
Good for two or more groups
The F distribution
F is a ratio of two independent estimates of
the variance of the population
Consequently, it depends on the analysis
(separating into parts) of the variance in a
set of scores.
We have already analyzed the variance in a
set of scores when we did t tests
The F ratio
A ratio of two estimates of variance drawn
from the same set of scores is called an F
ratio.
F = larger estimate of variance
smaller estimate of variance
F = variance estimate 1 of 2
variance estimate 2 of 2
Logic of ANOVA
1. Find the total variance in a set of data.
2. Analyze the variance into
a.
Source
Between
Within
Total
SS
df
MS ( s2)
p Decision
Notation summary
N is the number of scores altogether.
n is the number of scores in a single group.
k is the number of groups.
g is a particular group.
The variance, s2 , is also symbolized MS,
which stands for Mean Square.
SS total
Or SStotal = X2 (G2 / N)
SS within groups
SS within groups is due to individual differences and
error.
To compute SSwithin,calculate SS normally for each group
separately, and add them up.
SSwithin = X2 - (X)2/ n)
=SS1+SS2++SSk
= X2 - (X1)2 (X2)2
n1
(Xk)2
n2
+ +
nk
SS between groups
To get SSbetween, treat the sum of each group as a
score, and apply the be-bop version of the sum of
squares song:
2
SSB =
2
= (X1)2 (X2)2
n1
n2
(Xk)2 - (X)2
+ +
nk
yCha
Pop nce
:6
,284
Computed value:
Length of walk
Fishy zone:
Reject H0
Find the critical values for F from the table. Use dfB for the
(between) column, and dfW for the (within) row in the table.
The first table has the critical value at the .05 level, and the
second table for the .01 level.
In the p column of the ANOVA summary table, enter <.01 if
the obtained F ratio is greater than the value in the second
table; <.05 if it is greater than the value in the first table but
less than the value in the second table; and n.s. (for not
significant) if it is less than the value in the first table.
Main
Computing 2
Concluding details
ANOVA assumptions are the same as the
assumptions for the t-test for independent
samples.
Try to have each group/sample be the same
size, that is, have equal ns. However, the
ANOVA computations will work with
unequal sample sizes.
Grape
Lemon Fberry
Water
126
128
133
109
SD
15.5
14.8
15
16