Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Overview
-ANNU SAINI
WHAT IS A
COMPUTER?
An electronic device
that performs various
tasks and operations
or stores, correlates,
or otherwise processes
data as per the set of
instructions given to
it.
FUNCTIONING OF A
COMPUTER
DATA vs
INFORMATION
DATA IS RAW FACTS AND
FIGURES
FOR EXAMPLE MOHAN, 1977, A,162.9, 752
PROCESSED DATA IS CALLED
INFORMATION
FOR EXAMPLE MOHAN WHOSE
ROLLNO IS 1977, HAS GOT GRADE
A
FUNCTIONAL
COMPONENTS
OF A COMPUTER
BASIC STRUCTURE OF A
COMPUTER
Input Device:
Punch card
reader,
Keyboard,
Mouse,
Scanner,
Voice.
Computer:
Output Device:
CPU,
Internal Memory
Monitor,
Printer,
Plotter,
Modem,
Disk Drive
External Storage:
Floppy disk,Hard disk,
Optical disk, Tape drive
BASIC COMPONENTS
OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS
Underlying Structure
Secondar
y
Memory
Input Unit
Data and instruction
from the user to the
computer
Converts raw data into
electronic form i.e
binary form so that it
can be understood by
the computer
brain of a computer
The CPU contains:
Arithmetic / Logic Unit
Control Unit
Registers
Performs
calculations and
makes decisions
Coordinates
processing
steps
Small
storage
areas
10
Computer Output
Devices
The output information from the
computer is in the form of electronic
binary signals which needs conversion in
some form which can be easily
understood by human beings
i.e characters, graphical,or audio visual
This function of conversion is performed
by output units
Computer Memory
All data flows to and from memory
Divided into cells:
Each has a unique address
Memory cell types:
Memory
Types of memory
Main
Memory
Read
Only
Memory
Secondary
Memory
RandomAccess
Memory
Hard
Disk
Flopp
y Disk
CDROM
Measuring Memory
Each 0,1- is called a bit
1 Byte is 8 bits
1 Nibble is 4 bits
1 Kilobyte (KB) = 210 bytes (1024 bytes)
1 Megabyte (MB) =210 KB = 220 bytes(1024x1024)
1 Gigabyte (GB) = 210 MB= 230 bytes
(1024x1024x1024)
1Terabyte(TB) = 210 GB=240 bytes
1 Petabyte(PT) = 210 TB=250 bytes
Types of Memory
M e m o ry
P r im a r y
ROM
S e c o n d a ry
RAM
SRAM
DRAM
Main memory
A PC's main memory place (or primary
storage) is fast storage space that is
directly accessible by the CPU, used to
store the currently executing program and
immediate data.
Main memory is usually much faster than
mass storage devices like hard disks or
optical discs, but cannot retain data
without power. Thats why, it isnt suitable
for long-term data storage.
In PCs main memory usually called RAM
(Random Access Memory).
Primary Memory
It is the main or internal memory
where execution takes place.
It can be broadly categorized into
two parts
RAM (Random Access Memory)
ROM (Read Only Memory)
RAM
Dynamic RAM
Dynamic Memory is often referred to as volatile
memory.
Data is stored within the capacitance of a
transistor. The capacitor is unable to prevent
the charge from slowly discharging. This would
result in the loss of data. A solution to this
problem is the introduction of additional
circuitry which performs a 'memory refresh' by
periodically restoring the charge.
Dynamic memory is cheaper than Static memory
and is used in larger memory systems.
Static RAM
Static memory is more expensive to
produce than Dynamic memory, but
because of its lower power consumption
it is often used in small to medium sized
systems.
Static memory retains data within a cell
until the data is overwritten or lost as a
result of power being shut down.
ROM
It is a memory unit that performs the
Read operation only and does not have
a write capability.
The Binary information in the ROM is
made permanent during the hardware
production of the unit and it is not
accessible to users to store information.
Secondary Memory
It is the Permanent memory. The
information stored is permanent in
nature and it uses external storage
devices like Floppy disk, Magnetic
disk, CD-ROM etc.
(Secondary Storage)
When power is off, everything stored in
memory is lost
Computer files are used to store data long
term
File storage devices:
Magnetic tape drives, disk drives, floppy drives
Optical CD or DVD drives
(Secondary Memory
Storage)
Sequential access files
Usually stored on magnetic tape drives
Types of DASD
Types of DASD
Removable:
Floppy drives
Zip drives
Newest: portable
DASD for PCs
keychain/pen drive
Winchester Disks
5-10X
slower
Hardware
and Software
A computer consists
of five primary
hardware
components
Input devices
Output devices
CPU
Storage devices
Memory
These components work together with
software to perform calculations,
organize data and communicate with
other components
SOFTWARE
Software represents the set of programs
that govern the operation of a computer
system and make the hardware run.
Its three categories are:
Operating System
Language Processors
Application Software
System
Software
OPERATING SYSTEM
An Operating System?
What is an Operating System?
A program that acts as an intermediary between
a user of a computer and the computer hardware.
What is the purpose of an operating system?
To provide an environment in which a user can
execute programs.
What are the goals of an Operating System?
The primary goal of an Operating System is to
make the computer system convenient to use.
The secondary goal is to make the computer
system efficient to use.
APPLICATION
SOFTWARE
Interacts
with
OPERATING
SYSTEM
Interacts
with
CPU &
HARDWARE
OPERATING SYSTEM
PERFORMS THE
FOLLOWING FUNCTIONS
1. Provides the instructions to prepare userinterface i.e way to interact with user
whether through typed commands or
through graphical symbols
2. Loads necessary programs into RAM which
are required for proper functioning
3. Coordinates how programs work with the
CPU, Keyboard, mouse,printer and other
hardware as well with other software
4. Manages the information is stored on and
retrieved from disks.
Types of OS
Single User
Multiuser
Batch
Processing
Multiprocessing
Real Time
LANGUAGE
PROCESSORS
CONVERTS HIGH LEVEL
LANGUAGE INTO MACHINE
LANGUAGE SO AS TO MAKE IT
UNDERSTANDABLE TO THE
COMPUTER
TYPES OF
LANGUAGE PROCESSORS
ASSEMBLER
INTERPRETER
COMPILER
APPLICATION
SOFTWARE
An Application software is the set
of programs necessary to carry
out operations for a specified
application
TYPES OF
APPLICATION SOFTWARE
1. Customised Application Software
It is developed to meet all the requirements
specified by the user
Applications Software
Word Processing
Spreadsheets
Database Management Systems
Web design software
Internet Access & E-mail
Graphics Packages
STRENGTHS AND
WEAKNESSES OF A
COMPUTER
STRENGTHS
Speed
High Storage
Capacity
Accuracy
Reliability (immune to
fatigue & boredom)
Versatility (can
WEAKNESSES
Lack of decision making
IQ Zero
EVOLUTION OF
COMPUTERS
THE CONCEPT OF A COMPUTER DID
NOT MATERIALIZE OVERNIGHT.
LET US LOOK AT THE
DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMPUTER
THROUGH VARIOUS STAGES
ABACUS
An ABACUS
consists of beads
divided into two
parts which are
movable on the
rods of the two
parts
PASCALS ADDING
MACHINE
Blaise Pascal, French mathematician
invented a machine in 1642 made up of
gears which was used for adding and
subtracting numbers quickly.
This machine was called ADDING
MACHINE
it worked on clock work mechanism
LEIBNITZS
CALCULATOR
Gotfried leibnitz, a German
mathematician ,improved on ADDING
MACHINE and constructed a machine
in 1671 that was able to perform
multiplication and division.
JACQUARDS LOOM
JOSEPH JACQUARD
manufactured punched
cards at the end of
American Evolution to
control looms in 1801.
The entire process was
automatic and under a
programs control.
With the invention of
punched cards the era of
storing and retrieving
information started that
greatly effected later
inventions.
BABBAGES
DIFFERENCE ENGINE
Charles Babbage developed
a machine called
Difference Engine in 1822.
It was expected to
calculate logarithmic
tables to a higher degree
of precision.
It was made to calculate
various mathematical
functions
BABBAGES
ANALYTICAL ENGINE
This device becomes real
ancestor of the modern day
computer
It was capable of performing
all four arithmetic operations
as well as comparison.
It included the concept of
central processor, storage
area, memory and inputoutput devices in his design.
HOLLERITHS MACHINE
Herman Hollerith, an
American fabricated the
dream of Charles Babbage.
This machine was used by
American Department of
Census to compile their data .
And were able to complete
compilation in 3 years which
earlier used to take around
10 years.
Mark-I
Prof. Howard Aiken in U.S.A.
constructed in 1943 an
electromechanical computer
named Mark-I
It could multiply two 10 digit
number in 5 seconds. It was
the 1st machine which could
perform according to pre
programmed instructions
automatically without manual
interference.
This was the first operational
general purpose computer.
The Generation of
Modern Computer
The term computer Generation is used in
relation to the hardware of computers.
Each phase of computer development is
known as separate generation of
computers. Each phase of development is
characterized by type of switching
circuits it utilizes.
Stored Program
Computer
Most computers today use the idea
of stored program computer that was
proposed by Dr. John Von Neumann in
1945.
The Van Neumann architecture is
based on three key concepts.
Von Neumann
Architecture
Data & instructions are stored in a
single read-write memory.
The memory contents are
addressable by locations.
Execution takes place in a sequential
fashion i.e. from one instruction to
the next unless modified explicitly.
Examples of First
Generation Computers
ENIAC
EDVAC
EDSAC
UNIVAC-I
The Second
Generation Computers
(1956-65)
Examples of Second
Generation Computers
IBM 1401
IBM 1620
IBM 7094
CDC 1604
CDC 3600
UNIVAC 1108
The Third
Generation
Computers
(1966-75)
Examples of Third
Generation Computers
IBM-360 SERIES
ICL-1900 SERIES
IBM-370/168
ICL-2900
HONEYWELL MODEL 316
HONEYWELL 6000 SERIES
SOME MINI COMPUTERS DEVELOPED
DURING THIS PHASE ARE
THIRD GENERATION
COMPUTERS ARE USED IN THE
FOLLOWING AREAS
EDUCATION
SURVEY
SMALL BUSINESSES
ESTIMATION
ANALYSIS ETC ALONG WITH
THEIR PREVIUS USAGE AREAS I.E
SCIENTIFIC AND ENGINEERING
THE FOURTH
GENERATION
COMPUTERS
(1976- PRESENT)
Types of Computers
1. PC
The personal computer (PC) defines a computer
designed for general use by a single person. While
a Mac is a PC, most people relate the term with
systems that run the Windows operating system.
PCs were first known as microcomputers because
they were a complete computer but built on a
smaller scale than the huge systems in use by
most businesses.
2. Desktop
A PC that is not designed for
portability is a desktop computer. The
expectation with desktop systems are
that you will set the computer up in a
permanent location. Most desktops
offer more power, storage and
versatility for less cost than their
portable brethren.
http://www.paramounttraining.com.au/stor
age/ComputerWorkshop.jpg
3. Laptop
http://blog.loaz.com/media/blogs/timw
ang/mini-laptop-fujitsu-P7230.jpg
4. PDA
http://sartechnology.ca/sartechnology/PDA6.jpg
5. Work Station
The fifth type of computer is a
workstation. A workstation is simply a
desktop computer that has a more
powerful processor, additional
memory and enhanced capabilities for
performing a special group of task,
such as 3D Graphics or game
development.
6.
Server
A computer that has been optimized to
provide services to other computers
over a network. Servers usually have
powerful processors, lots of memory
and large hard drives. The next type
of computer can fill an entire room.
http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2369/2084311380_
0906fd827d_o.jpg
7. Mainframe
In the early days of computing,
mainframes were huge computers
that could fill an entire room or
even a whole floor! As the size of
computers has diminished while
the power has increased, the term
mainframe has fallen out of use in
favor of enterprise server. You'll
still hear the term used,
particularly in large companies to
describe the huge machines
processing millions of transactions
every day.
http://www.geekzone.co.nz/images/news/IBMSystemz
10mainframe.jpg
8. Mini computer
Another term rarely used anymore,
minicomputers fall in between
microcomputers (PCs) and
mainframes (enterprise servers).
Minicomputers are normally referred
to as mid-range servers now.
9. Super Computer
http://huehueteotl.files.wordpress.com/2007/04/supercomputer.jpg
http://gtresearchnews.gatech.edu/images/fast2_b.jpg
Optical computers
current research in computer
architecture includes much work on the
design of computers which use light
beams to perform computation; these
machines should be smaller, faster and
cooler than current electronic machines
Biological computers
computers based on DNA: problems
are encoded on strands of DNA which
are mixed in solution and react to form
DNA-coded answers
ANALOG COMPUTER
Current in a wire
Movement of the tide
Rate at which a wheel turns
DIGITAL COMPUTERS
Transistors
1. From 1959 to around 1965
2. Smaller, faster, and more reliable
used transistors
6,000 to 3,000,000 operations/s
main memory 6 kilobytes to 1.3 megabytes
Contained in four cabinets about 6 feet
high by 4 feet wide, each weighing 250
pounds
Circuits
1. Form 1965 to around 1972
2. Used integrated circuits many
transistors on one piece of silicon
3. Smaller, faster, more reliable, and
lower in price
Microprocessors
Future Computer
Generations
1. Most likely the following will happen to
computer technology
COMPUTER TYPES
CRITERIA OF CLASSIFICATION
HISTORY
TWO BASIC KINDS
GENERATION
MANUFACTURER
WIDELY ACCEPTED
CLASSIFICATION
PC
computer designed for general use by
a single person.
PCs were first known as
microcomputers because they were a
complete computer but built on a
smaller scale than the huge systems in
use by most businesses.
DESKTOP
A PC that is not designed for
portability.
you will set the computer up in a
permanent location.
Most desktops offer more power,
storage and versatility for less cost
than their portable brethren.
Laptop
Also called notebooks.
Laptop are portable computers that
integrate the display, keyboard, a pointing
device or trackball, processor, memory and
hard drive all in a battery-operated package
slightly larger than an average hardcover
book.
Palmtop
More commonly known as Personal
Digital Assistants (PDAs)
palmtops are tightly integrated
computers that often use flash memory
instead of a hard drive for storage.
usually do not have keyboards but rely
on touchscreen technology for user
input.
A slightly larger and heavier version of
the palmtop is the handheld computer.
Workstation
A desktop computer that has a
more powerful processor, additional
memory and enhanced capabilities
for performing a special group of
task, such as 3D Graphics or game
development.
Mainframe
In the early days of computing, mainframes
were huge computers that could fill an entire
room or even a whole floor!
the term mainframe has fallen out of use in
favor of enterprise server.
the term still used, particularly in large
companies to describe the huge machines
processing millions of transactions every day.
Minicomputer
term rarely used anymore,
minicomputers fall in between
microcomputers (PCs) and mainframes
(enterprise servers).
Minicomputers are normally referred to
as mid-range servers now.
Supercomputer
Costs hundreds of thousands or
even millions of dollars.
Most are comprised of multiple
high performance computers
working in parallel as a single
system.
Used for military purposes or in
large companies
Wearable
The latest trend in computing
Essentially, common computer
applications (e-mail, database,
multimedia, calendar/scheduler) are
integrated into watches, cell phones,
visors and even clothing!
TYPES OF COMPUTER
In GB: 1.5+.45+.8+.28+150*.005=3.78
Hardware Development
First Generation (1946-1959)
Second Generation (1960-1965)
Third Generation (1966-1975)
Fourth Generation (1975 - Now)
Accessories
Software Development
System Software
Operating Systems
Utility Programs
Language Translators
Operating System
Without operating system, a software application or
a program language software cant communicate with
the computer.
Operating System is just like a brain on human body
which organize all process inside a human body
OS/360
UNIX
CP/M
OS/2
OS/400
WINDOWS
MS-DOS
Utility Programs
Utilities enable users to copy files, erase
files, sort the content of files, merge two or
more files together, and prepare
removeable storage mediafor use.Other
utilities allow the computer operations
manager to recover lost or bad files,
monitor performance of the system, and
event control the flow data between users
and computers.
Machine Language
A computer's native language, containing instructions that are
binary numbers.
It is difficult for human to learn and use.
Instructions to the control unit must be expressed in terms of the
machine language of the particular computer.
A machine language instruction conveys the operation to
performed and the operands, or memory cells, that are to take part.
Example, compute the cost of an item
cost = price + tax
Load
010
Store
011
Add
...
111
Halt
Assembly Language
- Is programming language in English-like abbreviations
- Later be converted into machine code by program's translator
called assemblers
- Example, adds to number and store in another variable
LOAD A
ADD
B
STORE C
High-Level Language
- A programming language whose instructions resemble every day
language
- Has a language standard that describe the grammatical form
(syntax) of the language
- Every high-level language instruction must conform to the syntax
rules specified in the language standard.
- Example, BASIC, C, C++, COBOL, FORTRAN, LISP, PASCAL,
Java
- Example of C++ code,
cost = price + tax;
Topic
Development
Charles Babbage
Design first modern computer
Invent
difference engine
Analytical Engine (main part of copmuter
system)
Development
Count Ada Lovelace
First programmer
Assist in developing instruction for
Babbage device computation
Development
Herman Hollerith
Develop first computer using
electrical power
Founder of electronic punch card
Development
John V. Atanasoff & Clifford Berry
Build first electronically operated
digital computer
ABC (Atanasoff Berry Computer)
Development
UNIVAC 1 (Universal Automatic
Computer)
First generation comercial computer
For scientific and comercial
applications
Eckert & Mauchly send first UNIVAC
to U.S Census Bureau in 1951.
Development
Development
UNIVAC characteristic
Easier to use compared to ENIAC
Less vacuum tube (more reliable)
Stored program found by John Von
Neumann
General purpose
Use machine language
Development
Apple Computer
Found by Steve Jobbs dan & Steve
Wozniak in 1977
First computer with easy to use
screen and keyboard
Development
Computer Generation
First Generation
Computer Generation
Second Generation
Computer Generation
Third Generation
Late 1960s
Silicon chip as switch
Smaller and faster (x1000)
More reliable
Computer Generation
Fourth Generation
1970s current
Single processor microchip as switch
Very low cost and afforded by
individual
Electronic
circuit
Main
Memory
Secondary
Memory
Vacuum Tube
Magnetic reel
-Magnetic reel
Magnetic tape
transistor
Integrated
circuit
Magnetic
core
Magnetic
core
Semiconduct
or circuit
Output
Computer
Size
-paper tape
punch card
- printer
Room size
30
ton,1500
kps,18000
vacuum
tube,140k/
w
punch card
- printer
Drawer
size
punch card
punch card
Magnetic tape
- Magnetic
disk
Magnetic tape
Magnetic disk
microprocesso
r
Input
-magnetic disk
-diskette
-magnetic
wave
-keyboard,
Magnetic
tape,Magneti
c disk
keyboard
Optical
recognition
Light pen
Graphic
tablet
Table size
-printer
video
display
-printer,
video
display,
audio
response
Typewriter
size
Programming Language
Assembly Language
Programming Language
Assembly language
Low level
Use mnemonic code, abbreviation
Program written in this language is
translated by assembler into machine
language program code before
execution
Programming Language
High Level Language
Exist 1960
Similar to English
Program written in this language is able to
overcome more complex problem/task
Translator is known as compiler which
change program to machine language before
execution
Commercial application such as C/C++
Programming Language
Very High Level Language
Known as 4GL
Program is written shorthand form
Able to handle hundreds instruction
lines (3rd generation language can
handle few lines only)
Example: Query Language
Programming Language
Natural Language
Similar to spoken English Language
Natural Language translate human
instruction into codes that
understandable by computer
Also known as knowledge base language
Interact with knowledge base
UNIT OF MEMORY