Biodiesel Fuel :

Issues and Research Areas

 Trend in H/C in Global Energy Consumption
100

Hydrogen
Economy
10 Nonfossil
Hydrogen
Hydrogen / Carbon Ratio

Methane H/C = 4.0

Oil H/C = 2.0 Methane Economy
1 Coal H/C = 1.0

0.1 Wood H/C = 0.1

0.01
1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200

Year

Figure from “Freeing Energy from Carbon,” N. Nakicenovic,

Daedalus, Vol 125, #3 (1996), pp. 95-112
 The research
THE CAR OF TO MORROW
network
for consumers
fuels for environment
for society
diesel
gasoline
alternatives fuels
CNG
LPG
DME
H2 com. rail LEAN BURN BATTERY APU BATTERY FUEL
METHANOL HDI VVT GEARBOX TURBINE ac motor REFORMER
EVC controller controller controller controller
ELECTRIC

Diesel Gasoline parallel serial electric fuel cell

Internal Combustion Engine Hybrid Engine Electric Engine
 Portfolio of Alternative Fuels

• Hydrogen
• Biofuels- Biodiesel,SVO, ethanol,
Biogas
• CNG ,LPG, DME
• HEV, Solar, Wind
 Technology Evaluation
Criteria
• Drivers • Criteria
– Emission Reduction – Technical Risk,
potential – Commercial Risk and
– Import independence – Customer Acceptance

• Enablers • Time Line for

– Affordability (Cost of Vehicle
& Cost of Operation)
– Technology
• availability of fuel /energy
device and
• availability & maturity of
vehicle technology
– Infrastructure for production,
transportation & distribution
(both existing and new)
– Demonstration,
– Laying down Codes and
Standards,
– Commercialisation of
System
– Commercialisation of
Vehicle.
• Investment required to make
the technology viable, from
– Public sector
 Evaluation: Alternative
Technologies Fuel Cell

IC-Hydrogen

Conv. Fuel
Bio-diesel

Hydrogen
On-board
Reformer
Ethanol

Stored

Solar

CNG
HEV

LPG
EV
Scale of 10 rating

1 Drivers (x0) 12 13 17 13 14 17 16 20 10 9 7

2 Enablers (x1) 43-46 36 40 40-43 20 13 24 15 46 43 53-56

3 Criteria (x2/3) 28 26 20 23 9 9 19 3 28 28 30

4 Time-line (x2/3) 30 26 24 17 6 6 14 3 29 29 30

5 Investment (x2) 8 7 7 5 2 2 7 1 9 9 10

Grand Total (150) 121-124 108 108 98-101 51 47 80 42 122 118 130-133

Weighted Total (120)

98-101 85 83 77-80 34 27 60 21 102 99 113-116
Issue Check List for Introducing
a New Automotive Fuel
• Safety • Compatibility with
• Fuel uniformity and vehicle & parts
consistency • Impact on tailpipe and
• Stability in storage & evaporative
handling emissions
• Public health risks • Impact on fuel
economy & overall
fuel usage
 FUEL STRUCTURE
DIESEL FUEL vs. VEGETABLE OIL

Diesel Fuel

Vegetable Oil
 Issues With Use of SVO
• Oxidation , gum formation, fuel line and filter
clogging
• About 10 % lower efficiency due to effect of high
viscosity on mixture preparation and combustion
• Higher Smoke, HC and CO emissions .
• SVO fuel properties vary very widely between
feedstocks used .

Currently SVO can only be used in low

technology engines or engine designed to work
on low grade fuels . High technology automotive
engines need more refined fuel
 Worldwide Biodiesel Raw Material

• USA • Soybean
• Europe • Rapeseed
oil,Sunflower oil
• Ireland • Frying oil
• Thailand,Malaysia • Pam oil
• India • Jatroffa, Pongamia
(Honge)
 Non-edible oil seeds
• Abundant availability
• Extracted oil is used: [~20% of seed]
– In soap making
– As bio-fuel

• Oil cake: Residue [~80% of seed]

– Toxic for animal or human consumption
– Used as a fertilizer
• Oil cake is available at a reasonable price
• Can be easily transported and stored
 Non-edible Oil Seeds
• Jatroffa
• Neem
• Castor
• Mahua
• Karanj
• Sal
• Other minor seeds
 Feedstocks for India
• Jatroffa curcas ( kattu aamanakku in
Tamil)
• Karanja or Honge or Pongamia Pinnata
(Pungai in Tamil)
• Mahua
• Rubber seed
 JATROPHA PLANTATION IN RAIN SHADOW AREA
BHONGIR, NALGONDA DIST, AP
(PLANTED ON: SEPT 2004)

COURTESY: G. VEERA REDDY, FARMER AND LAND OWNER

PHOTOS DATE: 18TH APRIL 2005 VISIT BY NATUROL BIOENERGY LTD TEAM
SEED SOURCE: GUJARAT AND HOSUR
 Table 1 - Composition of Various Oils and Fats.

Oil or fat (carbon no: no 14:0 16:0 18:0 18:1 18:2 18:3 20:0 22:1
. Of double bonds)
Soybean 6-10 2-5 20-30 50-60 5-11
Corn 1-2 8-12 2-5 19-49 34-62 trace
Peanut 8-9 2-3 50-65 20-30
Olive 9-10 2-3 73-84 10-12 trace
Cottonseed 0-2 20-25 1-2 23-35 40-50 trace
Hi linoleic Safflower 5.9 1.5 8.8 83.8
Hi Oleic Safflower 4.8 1.4 74.1 19.7
Hi Oleic Rapeseed 4.3 1.3 59.9 21.1 13.2
Hi Erucic Rapeseed 3.0 0.8 13.1 14.1 9.7 7.4 50.7
Butter 7-10 24-26 10-13 28-31 1-2.5 .2-.5
Lard 1-2 28-30 12-18 40-50 7-13 0-1
Tallow 3-6 24-32 20-25 37-43 2-3
Linseed Oil 4-7 2-4 25-40 35-40 25-60
Tung Oil 3-4 0-1 4-15 75-90*
Yellow grease 1.27 17.44 12.38 54.67 7.96 0.69 0.25 0.52
 Definition of “Biodiesel”
• Biodiesel – a fuel comprised of mono-alkyl
esters of long chain fatty acids derived
from vegetable oils or animal fats,
designated
B 100.
• Biodiesel must meet the specifications of
ASTM D 6751
 Biodiesel Properties
 No sulfur contents (in most biodiesel fuels)
 No aromatics contents
 About 11% oxygen content (petro-diesel contains no
oxygen)
 Cetane value comparable to Indian Diesel
 Lower heating value
 Better lubricity
 Higher viscosity
 Higher freezing temperature
 Higher flash point
 No toxicity or low toxicity
 Biodegradability
 Worse corrosive properties.
 BIODIESEL SPECIFICATIONS
PROPERTIES UNIT DIN 51606 (1997) ASTM (2001)6751

Density g/cm3 0.875-0.90 --

Carbon Residue % mass Max 0.05 Max 0.050
(100%)
Ash Content % mass Max 0.02 Max 0.020
Total Sulfur % mass Max 0.01 Max 0.05
Cetane No. -- Min 49 Min 40
Flash Point 0C Min 110 Min 100
Copper Corrosion degree 1 No. 3b max
Viscosity, 40 0C mm2/s (cSt) 3.5-5.0 1.9-6.0
Neutralization Value mg Max 0.5 Max 0.8
Free Glycerin % mass Max 0.02 Max 0.02
Total Glycerin % mass Max 0.25 Max 0.24
CFPP Summer (0C) Max 0.0 --
Winter (0C) Max -15 --
 Transestrification

• Transestrification ( a 3-stage process of conversion

of branched Triglyserides into straight chain methyl
esters) yields varied results depending on feedstock
(with same catalyst and its concentration,
temperature etc.).
• More research needed into:
-Kinetic modeling of Indian feedstocks for designing
catalyst /enzyme package for optimum yield.
-Reverse estrification under certain operating
condition creates filter plugging and corrosion
problems in vehicle fuel system and fuel injection
system .
- Currently the process used is batch type.Need to
Process Sections –(Seed Oils)

OILSEED OIL BIODIESEL GLYCERINE

CRUSHING REFINING PRODUCTION REFINING

• Seed drying/cleaning • Acid pre-treatment • Transesterification • Glycerine

• Seed preparation • Neutralization/ • Glycerine separation evaporation
• Solvent extraction deacidification OR • Biodiesel purification • Glycerine
• Silica Purification condensation
• Oil degumming / drying • Methanol recovery
• • Oil Drying • Glycerine polishing
• Glycerine purification
• Glycerine concentration

DISTILLED
PROTEIN MEAL REFINED OIL BIODIESEL
GLYCERINE

CONCENTRATED
DEGUMMED OIL
GLYCERINE
Process Sections (high FFA oils)

OIL BIODIESEL GLYCERINE

PRETREATMENT PRODUCTION REFINING

• Oil Filtering • Transesterification • Glycerine

• Oil Drying • Glycerine separation evaporation
• Acid esterification • Biodiesel purification • Glycerine
condensation
• Methanol recovery
• Glycerine polishing
• Glycerine purification
• Glycerine concentration

DISTILLED
PRETREATED OIL BIODIESEL
GLYCERINE

CONCENTRATED
GLYCERINE
What is Biodiesel (Methylester)?

Transesterification
 Feedstocks Used in Biodiesel
Production
• Triglygeride or fats and oils (e.g. 100 kg SVO) –
vegetable oils, animal fats, greases, soapstock,
etc.
• Primary alcohol (e.g. 10 kg methanol) –
methanol or ethanol (44% more ethanol is
required for reaction)
• Catalyst (e.g. 0.3–1.0 kg sodium hydroxide)
• Neutralizer (e.g. 0.25 kg sulfuric or hydrochloric
acid)
 Reaction time
• Transesterification reaction will proceed at
ambient (35°C) temperatures but needs 4-8
hours to reach completion.
• Reaction time can be shortened to 2-4 hours at
45°C and 1-2 hours at 50°C.
• Higher temperatures will decrease reaction
times but require pressure vessels because
methanol boils at 65°C.
• High shear mixing and use of cosolvents have
been proposed to accelerate reaction.
 Processing Lower Quality
Feedstocks
Biodiesel feedstocks vary in the amount of free fatty acids
they contain:
• Refined vegetable oils < 0.05%
• Crude soybean oil 0.3-0.7%
• Restaurant waste grease 2-7%
• Animal fat 5-30%
• Trap grease 75-100%
Price decreases as FFAs increase but processing
demands increase, also.
Not suitable for high FFA feeds because of soap formation.
 Product Quality
• Product quality is important – modern
diesel engines are very sensitive to fuel.
• It is not biodiesel until it meets ASTM
D6751.
• Critical properties are total glycerol
(completeness of reaction) and acid value
(fuel deterioration). Reaction must be
>98% complete.
 Competing Reactions
• Free fatty acids are a potential
contaminant of oils and fats.
O
||
HO - C - R

Carboxylic Acid (R is a carbon chain)

O
||
HO - C - (CH2)7 CH=CH(CH2)7CH3

Oleic Acid
 Fatty acids react with alkali
catalyst to form soap.

O
|| + KOH
HO - C - (CH2)7 CH=CH(CH2)7CH3

Oleic Acid Potassium Hydroxide

O
||
→ K+ -O - C - (CH2)7 CH=CH(CH2)7CH3 + H2 O

Potassium oleate (soap) Water

 Water is also a problem
Water hydrolyzes fats to form free fatty
acids, which then form soap.
O
||
CH2 - O - C - R1 CH3 - OH
| |
| O | O O
| || | || ||
CH - O - C - R2 + H2O >>> CH3 - O - C - R2 + HO - C-R1
| |
| O | O
| || | ||
CH2 - O - C - R3 CH3 - O - C - R3

Triglyceride Water Diglyceride Fatty acid

 Soap
• Soaps can gel at ambient temperature
causing the the entire product mixture to
form a semi-solid mass.
• Soaps can cause problems with glycerol
separation and washing.
 Flash Point
Method: ASTM D 93

Limit: 130 min. (°C)

180

170
Greater the gap,
flash point, degree celcius
160
greater the amount
150
of organic
140
compound that can
130
be added
120
110

100
100% 95% 90% 85% 80% 75%
Biodiesel percentage

Effect of raw oil presence in Biodiesel on Flash Point

measures the lowest temperature at which application of the test

flame causes the vapor above the sample to ignite.
 Viscosity
Method: ASTM D 445
Limit: 1.9 – 6.0 mm2/s
Failed to meet
7 ASTM standard

kinematic viscosity (mm2/s)

6
5
4 Passed ASTM
3 Standard
2
1 Failed to meet
0 ASTM standard
100% 95% 90% 85% 80% 75%
biodiesel percentage

Effect of raw oil presence in Biodiesel on Kinematic Viscosity

High viscosity of soybean oil is due to high molecular mass and large chemical structure.
Free fatty acids or compounds with hydroxy groups possess significantly higher viscosity

measures the flow resistance of the fuel, e.g., the time for a volume of liquid to
flow under gravity through a calibrated glass capillary viscometer.
 Cetane Number
Method: ASTM D 613

Limit: 47 min.
Passed ASTM
52
50
standard

Cetane number
48
46
44
Failed to meet
42 ASTM standard
40
38
100% 95% 90% 85% 80% 75%
Biodiesel Percentage

Effect of raw oil presence in Biodiesel on Cetane number

It is a measure of the fuel's ignition delay. Higher Cetane numbers indicate

shorter times between the injection of the fuel and its ignition.
 Carbon Residues
Method: ASTM D 4530

Limit: 0.05 max. (% mass)

0.14

0.12

Average Carbon (%) 0.1 Failed to meet

0.08 ASTM standard
0.06

0.04

0.02
Passed ASTM
0 standard
100% 95% 90% 85% 80% 75%

Biodiesel Percentage

Effect of raw oil presence in Biodiesel on Carbon residue

Determines the amount of carbon residue left after evaporation and pyrolysis of an oil,
indicating its relative propensity to form coke.
 Total and Free Glycerol Content
Method: ASTM D 6584
Limit:
Total glycerol: 0.24 max (% m/m)
Free Glycerol: 0.02 max (% m/m)
2.5
0.025

2
Total Glycerin (%)

Failed to 0.02

Free Glycerol (%)

1.5 Passed
meet 0.015

ASTM
ASTM 1 0.01

Standard
Standard 0.5 0.005

0
0 100% 95% 90% 85% 80% 75%
100% 95% 90% 85% 80% 75%
Biodiesel Percentage
Biodiesel Percentage

Effect of raw oil presence in Biodiesel on total and free glycerol content

Glycerol present in Biodiesel causes:

1. settling out in storage tanks 2. plug fuel filters
3. cause combustion problems

It measures the amount of unconverted or partially converted fats and by-product

glycerin present in the fuel.
Some Important Parameters of Raw and
Transesterified jatropha oil
Jatropha Oil
Parameter Jatropha Oil Raw E DIN 51606 standard
Transesterified
Density (g cm-3 at
0,920 0,879 0.875 - 0.890
20°C)
Flash Point (°C) 236 191 > 110
Cetane no. (ISO
23-41 51 > 49
5165)
Viscosity (mm2/s at
52 4.84 3.5 - 5 (40°C)
30°C)
Neutralisation
number (mg 0.92 0.24 < 0.50
KOH/g)
Total glycerine (%) - 0.088 < 0.250
Free glycerine (%) - 0.015 < 0.02
290 (17 in de-
Phosphorus (ppm) 17.5* <10
gummed oil)
Sulphated ash (%) - 0.014 < 0.03
Methanol (%) - 0.06 < 0.3
 Where Biodiesel Can Be Used

• As a pure fuel ( B100)

• As a blended component( e.g.B20)

• As an additive ( 1-5 % e.g. B5)

VOLUMETRIC FRACTION OF TYPICAL
FATTY ACID METHYL ESTERS
 Biodiesel Composition Affects
Cetane number and NOx
• Cetane number affects engine combustion
• Increasing unsaturation cause reduced Cetane
number
(stearic, oleic and linoleic acid esters)
• Increasing chain length cause increased
Cetane number
(palmitic and stearic acid esters;
methyl palmitoleate and methyl oleate)
• High stearate fuel component with few double
bonds produce significantly less NOx than
certification diesel.
CETANE NUMBER FOR PURE FATTY ACID ESTERS

Very low CN

Diesel CN ~50-51

Very high CN

Very low CN
 Fuel Chemistry is Important

• Fuel chemistry seems to be the root of

all of these fuel properties and the
increased NOx emissions observed for
many biodiesel fuels.
• The most fundamental way to alter the
emissions performance of a fuel is to alter
molecular structure.
 There are Inherent Trade-offs
• Unfortunately, the materials which
produce low NOx have poor cold flow
properties and some are even solid at
room temperature.
• Trade offs between NOx, Smoke, Cold
flow operation and oxidation stabilities
 Iodine number
• Iodine number is highly inverse correlated with
cetane number (high iodine number correlates
with low cetane number).
• Thus, excessive ignition delay and poor
combustion performance may also be proposed
as a cause of the high NOx;
• Iodine number not included in ASTM Standard
Soybean biodiesel resisted in EU
• Iodine value (IV) < 120 in EN 14214 std.
• Iodine number is a measure of the degree of
unsaturation or number of double bonds- related
to oxidation stability of biodiesel
 Iodine Number and Emissions
• High linear relationship between iodine number and
NOx
• Regression predictions that a biodiesel with an iodine
number of 38 will be NOx neutral relative to certification
diesel.
• This corresponds to an average of 1.5 double
bonds/molecule.
• High stearate fuels with few double bonds produce
significantly less NOx than certification diesel.
• Unfortunately, these materials have poor cold flow
properties and some are even solid at room temperature.
 What happens if different fuels
used
• The biggest concern regarding potential engine
damage is when an engine alternates between
different fuel types.
• Conventional diesel leaves deposits in engines
that biodiesel, as a solvent, will clean them out.
Filter clogging and additional costs for replacing
fuel filters .
Once started , use the same fuel. Cont.
availability of fuel is thus important
• This is less of an issue if a low biodiesel blend
is used, or if biodiesel were used as an additive
(B2-B5).
Concerns with Biodiesel
 Emission Performance of Biodiesel and SVO
3500
diesel 0.35 diesel
karanja oil
3000
karanja ester 0.3 karanji oil
co-ester
2500 Karanji ester
0.25
co-ester
HC (ppm)

2000

CO (%)
0.2
1500
0.15
1000
0.1
500
0.05
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 0
Brake pow er (kW) 0 1 2 3 4 5
Brake pow er (kW)
1600
diesel 5
diesel
karanja oil
1400 4.5 karanja oil
karanja ester
karanja ester
co-ester 4
1200 co-ester

3.5
1000

Smoke (BSU)
NO (ppm)

800 2.5

600 2

1.5
400
1
200
0.5

0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
Brake pow er (kW) Brake pow er (kW)
Basic Emission Effects_EPA
Study
Heat release pattern
 Fig.12. Variation of heat release rate

70
diesel
karanja oil
60
karanja ester
co-ester
50
Heat release rate (kJ/°CA)

40

30

20

10

0
300 350 400 450
-10
Crank Angle- degree )
Effect of Biodiesel Blend on Heat
Release Pattern
ENGINE SPECIFICATIONS

Automotive engine
• Makers Name :Mahindra & Mahindra Limited
• Type of engine : DI diesel engine
• No of cylinders :4
• Type of cooling :water cooling
• Compression Ratio: 17.5
• Cubic Capacity :2.6 litre
• Brake Power :72 bhp
• Speed :3200
• Injection Press. :900 bar
 Jatroff based biodiesel( B20) Vs diesel fuel
Parameters HS Diesel BD 20 Indication
Max. Power @ 2300 rpm ( hp ) 44.7 43.8 2%

SFC @ max. Power ( gm /hp-hr ) 172 183 6%

Minimum SFC ( gm / hp -hr ) 171 180 5%

Max. torque ( Kg-m ) 15.6 15.7 ___

Max. smoke (FSN) 4.4 1.9 56%

Brake Thermal Efficiency ( % ) 36.2 34.5 5%

Fig.13 Variation of THC between diesel fuel and B 20
Jatropha based biodiesel blend, R83 test cycle
 Fig.14 Variation of CO between diesel fuel and B
20 Jatropha based biodiesel blend R83 test cycle

50 100
diesel
45 bio diesel (20%)
90
40 Test cycle 80
35 70
CO (mass)

30 60

Speed
25 50
20 40
15 30
10 20

5 10
0 0
0 500 1000
Tim e
Fig.15 Variation of NOx between diesel fuel and B
20 Jatropha based biodiesel blend, R83 test cycle

50 diesel
100

45 bio diesel (20%) 90

test cycle
40 80

35 70
NOx (mass)

30 60

Speed
25 50

20 40

15 30
10 20

5 10

0 0
0 500 1000
Tim e (s e c)
Fuel Injection and Bulk Modulus
biodiesel
Issues with biodiesel
 Filter Trends

• Biodiesel, like conventional diesel fuel, has a

tendency to gel at lower temperatures and
filters tend to clog with gelled biodiesel.

• Gelling can occur at higher temperatures in

biodiesel blends than for conventional diesel,
especially as a higher blends

• To improve efficiency and power of engines,

better and tighter fuel filter ratings being used to
ensure that the proper quality of fuel is in the
engine and to reduce fuel system wear.
 Fuel Filtration Standards
getting tighter
Engines with
• Non -electronic-mechanical use 25
micron fuel filters
• Electronically controlled fuel injection
pump use 10- micron fuel filters,
• Integrated system-electronic engines
use 2-micron filters.
 Microbial Growth.
• Microbial growth -a potential problem with both
diesel and biodiesel fuel
• Microbes include viruses, bacteria, archaea,
fungi, and blue-green algae. A group of
microbes may come together to form a colony
called a biofilm which can then reach filters.
• Most diesel engine fuel filters have a 5-10
micron rating, whereas individual bacteria and
fungi can range from 0.01 to 0.1 microns.
• Some microbes escape through the filter
media, then block fuel injectors and, in severe
cases, fuel lines and can cause potential engine
failure and significant damage.
 Microbial growth -Potential problems

• Filter clogging (with attendant loss of

power).
• Injection system clogging and damage
• Hydrochloric acid formation
• Fuel deterioration
• Etching and corrosion of surfaces within
fuel system
 Water contamination
• Water contamination, and hence microbial
growth, is believed to be a more significant issue
for biodiesel than conventional diesel.
• Biodiesel can contain up to 40 times more
dissolved water than diesel.
• If biodiesel comes into contact with free water
during storage, which is almost inevitable, it
would absorb two to three times as much water
as is allowed by current diesel fuel specs.
• In extreme cases, biocides may be required to
control micro-organism growth.
 Adherence to Quality is Important
• Fuel Quality must be the uppermost
concern and importance for the biodiesel
industry
• A fuel standard should be taken as the
minimum necessary quality of the fuel.
• With decentralized production centers how
we are going to ensure the quality?.
Discoloration & Scratches on injector
needle
 How to Ensure Blend Quality
• There is no standard for biodiesel blend.
Blend components have to meet the
biodiesel and diesel fuel specs.
• Quality of blend is not easy to determine
by cheap and easily available tests
Need to develop such tests
• Need to develop fuel and injection
sensors for feedback control of injection
timing so that engines can adapt to the
fuel
Research Needed to Mitigate NOX
Effect
• NOx formation can not be explained by
Zeldovitch mechanism which is very
successful for predicting NOx formed with
use of diesel fuel
• Do type of bond (trans- or cis) ,no. of
bonds(1,2,3) participate in pre-
combustion chemistry to increase NOx ?
 Additives Approach to improve
Biodiesel properties
• To reduce NOx emissions
• To improve thermal and storage stability
of biodiesel
• To improve low temperature operation
 Other Concerns
• Material Compatibility need to be studied
Some elastomers swell due to which seal
leakage can start
• Toxicity of the emissions produced while
using biodiesel produced from Indian
feedstocks like Jatropha , Karanj etc.
needed.
 Suggestions for Research
1. Design engine to suit the SVO
-Avoid cost of estrification
- Empower the local producer to become local
user,
-Reduce fuel transportation cost and
consequent
pollution
-Change Regulations to allow certification on
biodiesel
2. Make designer fuels to suit the engine
-Suit the needs of every type of engine
-Enhance the feedstock base for production
3. Do research for all types of engines, e.g.
Common Rail diesel engine ,
 Uncertainty Can Kill the Biodiesel
Movement
• Yield estimates vary from 600 to 3300 kg/
hectare/year.
• Similarly the cost estimate vary Rs. 17 to
27.
• Most people try to give a rosier picture
than reality
• In Nasik ( Maharastra) , thousands acres
of Jatropha plants were uprooted due to
low yield/profit. Similar experience in AP
• Need to bring in all stakeholders together
(Fuel producer, engine builder, agricultural
scientist, academic institution, investor etc).
• Expand the applications for use of
biodiesel to all types of engines ,
applications( transportation, power
generation, distributed power systems etc.)
• Continues availability of bio-fuels is
important.
• If fuel is not available, engine builders will
not invest in research in use of biodiesel .
• There is no force more powerful that the
economic force, not even nationalism
• Our farmers are intelligent enough to pick up
with gusto what will be profitable to them but
don’t give them unsubstantiated hopes.
• If you see TV adds, you feel skin, hair and nails
are the most useful parts of the body not the
brain. Talking about biodiesel seems to have
become a fashion.
• Making biodiesel available early and in
quantity and quality is the key.
• I sincerely hope this workshop will help in taking
some concrete steps