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Key words
Force
Energy
Work done
Power
Potential energy
Kinetic energy
Momentum
Inertia
Crumple zone
Seat belt
Air bag
WHY?
Cars have become safer, but safety comes at a cost
more expensive cars have more safety features
Airbags
Front crumple
zone
Collapsible
steering wheel
Momentum
All moving objects have momentum. The greater the
mass and the greater the velocity then the greater
the momentum.
Momentum (p) = mass (m) x velocity (v)
p = mv
In a collision the momentum is the same before
as after the collision (provided there are no
external forces)
Momentum before = momentum after
Momentum
Momentum (p) = mass (m) x velocity (v)
p = mv
When a force acts on an object and moves it its
momentum changes.
F=mxa
a= vu
t
If F is larger, what
can you say about
the acceleration?
If the acceleration
is greater, what does
it say about
the time?
Seat belt
Air bag
With an air bag the time
for a person to
decelerate is greater
than if they hit the
windscreen.
The impact time (t), the
time to come to a halt,
is increased so the force
(F) is decreased.
The air bag spreads the forces on the body
across a larger area.
Crumple Zone
The crumple zone is
designed to absorb
energy from a collision
and reduce the force of a
collision.
Folding during a collision
crash increases the
impact time.
Time (t) to come to a halt
is increased so the force
(F) is decreased.
Stopping distance
The stopping distance of a vehicle is the sum of the distance the
vehicle travels during the drivers reaction time (thinking distance) and
the distance it travels under the braking force (braking distance).
Stopping distance = Thinking distance + Braking distance
Stopping distance
Stopping distance =
Thinking distance
Tiredness
Drugs
Alcohol
Braking distance
Braking systems
Brakes work by converting the cars kinetic energy
into heat energy.
When the brakes of a vehicle are applied, work done
by the friction force between the brakes and the
wheel reduces the kinetic energy of the vehicle and
the temperature of the brakes increases.
Anti-lock breaking system (ABS) helps to stop
skidding and so helps keep the car under control.
Braking systems
Regenerative breaking
Hybrid cars have an electric engine and a
petrol engine. This type of car is often fitted
with a regenerative braking system.
A regenerative braking system not only slows
a car down but at the same time causes a
generator to charge the cars battery.
By using the car's energy to drive a generator to charge a
battery saves the energy that can be used later.
The energy from the regenerative braking is energy that would
have gone to heating up the breaks in non-hybrid cars.
By doing this the hybrid gets more useful work out of the original
input energy (either gas or electric).
25 m/s
= 312.5 kJ
= 1000 x 5
Extended question
In 1983 it became a legal requirement to wear a seatbelt whilst
travelling in a car in the UK. Since then new car designs have
developed to increase the safety of the driver and passengers.
Outline these safety designs.