WATERPROOFING AND

WEATHERPROOFING
MATERIALS
NITYA JOIS
PARVATI VIJAYKUMAR
POOJA PATEL
POOJA KOTHARI
POOJITHA.R
PRIYANKA IYER

WATERPROOFING
Waterproofing can be defined as treatments to the surface with a
substance, which will prevent water from going through it.
Waterproofing prevents the entrance of water that is under pressure
by
forming a continuous membrane around walls, through concrete
footings
and under concrete floor slabs.
There are lots of conventional and unconventional methods practiced
for waterproofing in construction field. Old methods like brick bat
cobba, cementlime based treatments, bituminous coatings are still
practiced successfully. But the development of modern construction
material and technology, the concept of waterproofing has changed
tremendously. Nowadays integral waterproofing compounds are
admixed into the plastic concrete.These materials impart water
repelling (damp-proofing) to concrete, may reduce moisture
migration

THE NEED FOR

WATERPROOFING
-Water may leak through
cracks, expansion joints or
other openings in walls and
roofs, or through cracks
around windows and doors.
-Also, water may seep
through solid but porous
exterior materials,
such as masonry.
- Whether thrust against and into a building by a flood, driven into the
interior by a heavy rain, leaking from plumbing, or seeping through the
exterior enclosure, water can cause costly damage to a building.
- The water proof membrane thus used must prevent the water from
entering pores and voids in the structure of building

TYPES OF WATERPROOFING
MEMBRANES
There are generally two types of waterproofing membranes - sheet membranes
and liquid membranes. The nature of the problem to be addressed determines
which type of membrane to be used.
SHEET MEMBRANES:
The purpose of sheeting membrane is to completely cover any imperfections in
the substrate or background. They are numerous and include:
Metal sheets in the form of lead, copper or stainless steel flashing or trays.
Multilayer bituminous paper system with gravel topping for protection.
Butyl rubber sheeting
Semi-rigid asbestos asphalt sheeting
Bitumen/polyethylene sheets
E.P.D.M. Ethylene propylene Diene Monomer
Chlorosulphanated rubber (Hypalon)
PVC Polyvinylchloride
Neoprene rubber
Torch-on sheeting consist of layers of polypropylene bitumen modified.

LIQUID MEMBRANES
The liquid applied membrane provides a fully bonded, continuous se
homogenous layer with no laps or joins which is a major advantage
sheeting
membranes. Some of the liquid membranes available are:
Mastic asphalt
Two components polyurethane tar modified
Two components tar epoxies modified
Single pack moisture curing polyurethane
Water based epoxy two part for hydrostatic pressure
situations
Polyester resin two parts reinforced wit fibreglass matt
Flexible epoxy resin two parts
Bitumen latex modified single pack
Acrylic co-polymer water based single part
Acrylic co-polymer cement modified two components

PROPERTIES OF WATERPROOFING MATERIALS

Full-adhesion to substrate: Waterproofing systems should be fully-adhered to the
structural substrate to prevent the lateral migration of water between the
waterproofing material and the substrate
Factory-controlled uniform thickness: Waterproofing systems should be
manufactured in a factory-controlled environment to ensure a consistent
uniform thickness. Variations in thickness may lead to variable performance.
Flexibility over cracks: Waterproofing systems should be flexible enough to
withstand typical substrate movements under a wide range of temperature and
environmental conditions.
Resistance to high hydrostatic pressure: Waterproofing systems should have the
ability to bridge substrate cracks while under high hydrostatic pressure to avoid
rupture and leakage.
Positive drainage and protection of the waterproofing: A quality system should
include prefabricated drainage composite to both protect the waterproofing
from damage and to minimize hydrostatic head pressures.
Ease of application: The waterproofing system should be easy to install at the job
site. A simple installation will minimize applicator error. The system should be
covered immediately to avoid damage and eliminate job site delays.
Chemical resistance: Waterproofing systems should be resistant to chemicals
which may originate from sources within and around the building structure.
Chemical exposure may lead to premature deterioration of the waterproofing
system.
In-place testability: Waterproofing systems should be tested for water tightness

WATERPROOFING
MATERIALS
Some of the widely used materials are :
-

Rubberized asphalt sheet membranes

Bentonite Clay
Asphalt
Mastic
PVC or high density polyethylene (HDPE)
Bituminous felts and polymeric bituminous systems
Lime coba and brickbats
Concrete Admixtures/Chemical admixtures
Prefabricated elastic membranes
Polymer emulsions
Silicon based emulsions
EPDM

RUBBERIZED ASPHALT
MEMBRANE
The self-adhering rubberized asphalt
membrane is the most commonly used
waterproofing material.
This membrane forms a tough, flexible,
thick waterproof material.
Its rubber-like properties provide a
self-healing character which help
ensure waterproofing integrity.
It is an elastomeric sheet membrane designed to waterproof
masonry, concrete and wood surfaces, vertically and horizontally,
above and below grade.
It is composed of a refined asphalts, synthetic rubber and mineral
stabilizers.
It is modified with additives to promote adhesion and improve low
temperature flexibility.

BENTONITE CLAY
Bentonite, technically referred to as
sodium bentonite, is a clay formed from
decomposed volcanic ash, with a high content
of the mineral montmorillonite.
The clay is mined, dried, ground, and sized
to provide a finely divided, free-flowing
material that will swell to form a waterproof
barrier the consistency of heavy grease
when in contact with water.
It can absorb large amounts of water, which causes it to swell many
times its original volume, forming a waterproof barrier.
The dried, finely ground particles are usually applied as a waterproofing
membrane in three ways:
1. Bentonite panels
2. Sprayed bentonite
3. Bentonite sand mixture

ASPHALT

Asphalt is a bituminous compound found

In many parts of the world and is smooth,
hard, brittle, black or brownish-black
resinous mineral consisting of a mixture
of various hydrocarbons.
Asphalt can be hot / cold-applied to the
structures by brush, roller or spray.
These are effective only for situation in
which hydrostatic pressure is not factor.
A waterproofing system that will resist hydrostatic pressure consists
of
alternate layers of hot mopped asphalt over layers of mineral or glass
fibre felts
in much the same way as laying a built-up roof.
Liquid asphalt has two major advantages over its competitors:
- It is highly elastic, allowing it to bridge cracks and accommodate
movement
- It embodies "self-healing" properties, meaning the material will
ooze around

MASTIC
Mastics are urethanes modified with
various polymers to make them flexible.
It is dispensed from a caulking gun with
sort of clay-like consistency.
There is a variety of solvent-based
mastic waterproofing compounds.
-thick mastic
-semisolid mastic
-spray mastic.
They give waterproofing properties to interior and exterior above-grade
and below-grade surfaces.
They are used on metal to prevent corrosion.
These are cold-applied, usually by rolling or troweling
Mastics are easy to apply, but there is evidence that they become brittle
and lose their effectiveness more quickly than asphalt.
They are made up of asphalt, bitumen, petroleum, oil and other
compounds

PVC OR HIGH DENSITY

POLYETHYLENE
This membrane is a composite sheet consisting of PVC / HDPE,
adhesive and
coating. The membrane can be fixed directly to plaster or
brickwork using plastic
fixing plugs.
PVC is a high polymer resin and is not
affected by aging mildew or corrosion.
It remains flexible at low temperatures and
has good abrasion and tear resistance. It is
bonded and laps are sealed with a
special adhesive.
Some forms of PVC membrane can be formulated to be resistant
to gasoline and
oil. The seams can be welded with hot air or bonded with an
adhesive specified for

BITUMINOUS FELTS
Bitumen(Asphalt) is a mixed substance made up of organic
liquids that are
highly sticky, viscous and waterproof.
This felts are generally applied as waterproofing elements for
old roofs
showing signs of leakage
This is a flexible material.
It is easy to lay and is available in
rolls of normal wall width.
It is laid on a layer of cement mortar.
An overlap of 100 mm is provided at
the joints and full overlap isprovided at all corners.
The laps may be sealed with bituminous if necessary. The
bitumen felt
can accommodate slight movement.But it is liable to squeeze
out under

LIME AND BRICKBATS COBA

The aggregate for brick bat coba shall be
broken from good and thoroughly well
burnt bricks. Brick bat coba shall be in
the cement mortar 1:2
Bricks cut along the length having the
width equivalent to half brick or full
brick are known as brick bats
Brickbat coba will have lot of surface
cracks and hence act as a poor waterproofing system.The
bricks used in
the system are porous and when water enters, these bricks
readily
absorb and hold large amount of water creating a sort of
reservoir above
the slab.
Bricks are laid with light weight lime mortar mostly on the flat
roof and

Fine aggregate shall be surkhi,

clean free from dust, dirt and
foreign matters. Surkhi shall be
made from well burnt bricks or brick
bats (not over burnt).
Lime shall be freshly burnt and free
from ashes and other foreign
matters.
Proportion-Concrete shall consist of
1 cu m brick ballast, 0.36 cu m of
Surkhi and 0.18 cu m white lime
(proportion 100 : 36 : 18 by
volume).

CONCRETE AND CHEMICAL

ADMIXTURES
Chemicaladmixturesare materials in the form of powder or fluids
that are added to the concrete to give it certain characteristics
not obtainable with plain concrete mixes.
Acceleratorsspeed up the hydration (hardening) of the concrete.
Typical materials used are
Calcium chloride,Calcium nitrateandSodium nitrate.
Accelerating admixtures are especially useful for modifying the
properties of concrete in cold weather
Retardersslow the hydration of concrete and are used in large or
difficult pours where partial setting before the pour is complete
is undesirable. Typical retarders are
Sugar,Sucrose, Sodium gluconate,Glucose,Citric acid andTartaric
acid.

Air entertainmentsadd and entertain tiny air bubbles in the concrete,

which reduces damage increasing durability.
Defoamerscan be used to encourage the air bubble to agglomerate, rise
to the surface of the wet concrete and then disperse.
Plasticizersincrease the workability of plastic or "fresh" concrete, allowing
it be placed more easily, with less consolidating effort.
A typical plasticizer is lignosulfonate. Plasticizers can be used to reduce the
water content of a concrete while maintaining workability and are
sometimes calledwater-reducersdue to this use.
Admixtures are used for the following use
To achieve a higher strength by decreasing the water cement ratio at
the same workability as an admixture free mix.
To achieve the same workability by decreasing the cement content so as
to reduce the heat of hydration in mass concrete.
To increase the workability so as to ease placing in accessible locations
Water reduction more than 5% but less than 12%
The commonly used admixtures are Ligno-sulphonates and
hydrocarbolic acid salts.

TYPES OF WATER PROOFING

APPLICATION
Positive side waterproofing:
Waterproofing systems should be placed on the same
side of the
structure as the source of the water.This is known as
positive side
waterproofing.
Placing the waterproofing on
the positive side prevents water
from passing through the structure.
This protects structural elements
from damage due to water infiltration

 Negative side waterproofing:

Some new structures, and many existing ones, have
waterproofing plac
on the inside or negative side of the structure.
These systems may prevent
water intrusion into the interior
of a structure; however they
allow the damaging effects of
water to continue unabated
within the structural members.

Blind side waterproofing:

In some instances it is impossible,
economically or practically, to
waterproof the positive side of a
structure after the concrete has been
poured.
This includes under slabs and
against foundation walls cast
against soil retaining systems such
as timber lagging.
However, waterproofing systems may be installed on the positive
side
before the concrete structure is poured. This technique is known as
blind side
waterproofing and requires specially designed systems to provide
proper waterproofing.

WATER PROOFING FOR ROOFS

The R.C.C. Slab of the terrace is generally
done with ordinary concrete without
using any admixture to take care of the extra
workability required to proper placement and
compaction of the concrete through the
congested reinforcement.
Sometimes integral waterproofing compounds
are used in the concrete. But often they are not used properly or
sufficiently. Lime
terracing, i.e., Brickbat coba with lime, is done on the R.C.C. slab to
serve dual purposeWeatherproofing and Waterproofing.
Vertical and horizontal joints are treated with the waterproofing
mortar, The concrete
surface may be treated with a surface applied cement based,
crystalline action, hygroscopic
waterproofing chemical or polymer based, flexible waterproofing
chemical, and then

WATERPROOFING FOR
BASEMENTS

Tanked Protection
These types of system are designed to wholly
prevent physical
ground water from penetrating the structural walls
and floors.
Typical products used to provide this protection are
liquid
applied membranes such as epoxy or bitumous TANKED
PROTECTION
products,
self- adhesive sheet systems and cementitious
compounds.
Integral Protection
This form of waterproofing relies upon the
structure itself to
form a water resistant shell to resist ground water
INTEGRAL PROTECTION
penetration. Typically these forms are constructed

Drained Protection
The principle of this form of waterproofing is to allow
ground water to penetrate the structure so not to allow
hydrostatic pressure build up.
This method manages penetrating water by
guiding it to an internal drainage system via a
sealed isolating dimpled sheet membrane
and directing it to a suitable discharge point
outside of the building.
The correct design of the drainage system Is critical to its
success.

WATERPROOFING FOR FOOTINGS

The exterior walls of the basement can be
coated with a waterproofing substance.
Petroleum-based products have often
been used, but newer technologies exist
that paint the block with a sealant that is
overlaid with a waterproof covering or
vapour barrier.
One of the most popular option for
Waterproofing existing homes is to install
drainage systems around the bottom of the footing and under
the concrete floor of the basement.
The drains can be constructed of perforated PVC pipe,
encased in a filtering cloth. They are installed on a sand base
for cushioning and additional drainage and are covered with a
layer of gravel to allow water to drain into the pipe. The cloth
prevents debris and rocks from clogging the drainpipe. These
hidden interior drain pipes are typically then directed to

WATERPROOFING FOR KITCHENS

AND BATHROOMS
Under-tile waterproofing of wet areas is essential in order to
prevent the buildup
of dampness and humidity.
Due to the frequency and intensity of exposure to
humid conditions, bathroom and
kitchen waterproofing (wet area or wet room
waterproofing) is essential to prevent structural,
decorative, and even human health related damage.
Left unattended, moisture build up can seriously
degrade and destroy primary and secondary facilities
Some of the waterproofing materials used are liquid
application of polyurethane
materials, absorbent substrate such as fibre cement or water
resistant
plasterboards

WEATHERPROOFING
Weatherproofing can be defined as treatment to the surface to prevent it
from weather conditions
Building performance is dependent on the ability of the envelope or skin
of the building to successfully prevent the ingress of inclement weather,
atmospheric contamination such as CO2 emissions, and chemical attack
from a variety of sources such as salts from entering the structure.
One critical element in maintaining a weatherproof building is the
performance of joints in the buildings.
All buildings require joints, and how you seal these joints will be
important in determining the overall performance and durability of the
structure.
Flashingrefers to thin pieces of impervious material installed to prevent
the passage of water into a structure from a joint or as part of a weather
resistant barrier(WRB) system.

FLASHING types are named by their location of uses or

shapes:
ROOF FLASHING :It is placed around discontinuities or objects which protrude from the
roof
Of a building to deflect water away from seams or joints and in valleys
where the runoff is concentrated.
WALL FLASHING :
It may be embedded in awall to direct
water that has penetrated the wall back
outside, or it may be applied in a
manner intended to prevent the entry
of water into the wall. wall flashing is
typically found at interruptions in the wall
such as windows and points of structural
support.

10. CHIMENEY FLASHING

SILL FLASHING:
It is a concealed flashing placed under
windows or door thresholds to prevent
water from entering a wall at those points.
ROOF PENETRATION FLASHING:
They are used to water proof pipes,
supports, cables , and all roof protrusions.
stainless steel penetration flashings have
proven to be the longest lasting and most
reliable roof flashing type.
CHIMNEY FLASHING:
It is a construction detail used to seal and
protect the joints between a buildings roof
And chimney from water penetration.
Flashing is used at these intersections to
Keep rainwater from leaking into the
building

MATERIALS USED IN
WEATHERPROOFING/FLASHING
SHEET METALS
Zinc coated: Zinc, an effective galvanizing agent, protects the metal from
corroding for a time, but eventually the zinc and then the metal flashing does
corrode.
Field handling and bending can crack
the zinc film too.
A minimum thickness for this type of flashing
should be about 15 mils (0.38 mm).
Its durability depends on the thickness
of the zinc film. Flashing with thicker zinc coatings lasts longer
Copper: It is moderately priced, a superb moisture barrier, and resists the
alkalies in fresh mortar . It also is una ffected by low temperatures and rough
handling. Copper flashings are available in 3- ounce sheets.
They usually are laminated on both sides with a dense film of polyethylene.
This film adds waterproofing and a protective layer that eliminates staining
of masonry that could occur if exposed copper were used.

Stainless steel: Its impervious to moisture and resists chemicals well.

Within a masonry wall, stainless steel lasts the life of the building. In most cases,
however, stainlessteel flashing must be preformed.
This can create placement problems due to variances in construction tolerances.
They are available in 10 mil (0.25 mm) sheets, although thicker sheets are often
used.
PLASTICS
They cost less and most of them are tough, flexible, and resilient.
Some plastic flashings, however, have deteriorated severely when embedded in
masonry.
One type of plastic flashing is a polyester membrane that is 6 mils (0.152 mm)
thick. it
is highly resistant to corrosion, water permeance, and extreme temperatures. It is a
semi-rigid plastic, though, which makes it difficult to bend around corners.
The most widely used plastics are polyvinyl chlorides (PVC) (Figure 2). They are
homogeneous, waterproof, impermeable sheets that remain flexible and crack-free
at -20 F. Because they deteriorate rapidly when exposed to ultraviolet light, however,
PVC plastics must be concealed in masonry walls.
They are not attacked by the alkalies in masonry mortars and they are easy to form.
A thickness of at least 20 mils (0.5 mm) should be used. properties.

COMBINATION MATERIALS:
Combining different materials can produce a moderately priced
flashing with good properties. Some of the most common flashing
combinations are sheet metals coated with a flexible compound.
One type combines glass fiber or a cotton fabric with a bituminous
Compound that is bonded (using heat and pressure) to a 1- to 3ounce
sheet of copper or a combination of copper and lead sheets. This
forms
a waterproof membrane that resists alkalies and acids.
Another type of flashing consists of textured, waterproofed, creped
kraft paper bonded to copper or lead sheet metals with asphalt and
reinforced with glass fiber.
These types of combination flashings have life spans similar to those
o
sheet metal flashings.
A third type of combination flashing is made of a metal foil coated
with
a polyester film that is reinforced with a glass fiber mesh. The
material

SEALANTS:
Silicone sealants can be formulated to adhere to all common
building facade materials, including concrete, natural stone,
brick, aluminum, steel and glass.
Silicone sealants can be formulated to be high-modulus structural
adhesives or low-modulus, high-movement weatherseal sealants.
Silicone sealants are inherently resistant to damaging ultraviolet
(UV) light from sun, and, when cured, silicone sealants are stable
in temperatures from -40C to 150C.
Silicone sealants can also be formulated to have reduced dirt
accumulation and be nonstaining on sensitive porous substrates
such as marble or granite.

Organic sealants such as polyurethanes and polysulphides are based

upon a carbon polymer backbone and do not have the durability of
inorganic sealants such as silicone.
Contrary to popular belief, modified silicone (MS) sealants do not
actually contain silicone and, therefore, their longterm durability is
similar to that of organic sealants.
UV light from the sun can degrade an organic sealant and cause the
sealant to harden and lose movement capability after several years
of
outdoor exposure on a building. This degradation and loss of
movement capability can cause premature joint failure.
A wet sealant joint will reduce air infiltration and improve the
thermal performance of a facade, provides easy cleaning and
maintenance

PROPERTIES OF SEALANTS
Sealants serve the purpose of filling the joint to stop water
and air
infiltration.
The sealant must function to allow the facade elements to
move
freely, so the sealant must be flexible.
The sealant must also be able to adhere to the joint surfaces
as it is
being deformed during movement.
Additionally, the sealant must maintain a reasonable level of
durability since most buildings are exposed to UV light, heat,
cold,
moisture and other environmental factors.

Sheeting membranes provide highly trafficable surfaces and have

insulating properties.Sheeting
membranes in general suffer from poor exposure resistance,
temperature stability and little
recovery from deformation.
Liquid applied membranes are easy to apply, seamless, semi-flexible or
elastrometric, ease of
detailing, ease of maintenance and repair, UV resistant and economical.
Coating the surface with cement lime mortar is a time proven and
economical method with
good insulation properties. But it is non-flexible and also increases the
load of the structure.
Mineral slurry with polymer component is an easy method to apply. It
retains the breathing
capacity of concrete but with moderate flexibility.
Epoxy & polyurethane coating is highly abrasion resistant and resistant
to UV radiation and
does not add weight to the structure. But this has limited potlife,not
very flexible and stops
breathing capacity of concrete.
Elastomeric membrane forming products: It forms seamless membrane,
highly flexible,

CONCLUSION
The awareness and understanding of waterproofing and
weatherproofing
has grown significantly over the last decade.
More and more people are recognising the important role that
waterproofing and weatherproofing plays in today's building industry.
Waterproofing and weatherproofing is a critical component of any
building structure.
For every space where waterproofing or weatherproofing is required
proper material should be selected deending upon the characteristic
of the
space needing waterproofing and weatherprofing
The ramifications of failing to weatherproofing, or waterproofing
inadequately can be horrendous.

THANK YOU