Trouble Shooting of Motor Electrical

Troubleshooting, Maintenance &
Protection of AC Electrical
Motors and Drives
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Industrial Electricity
IndustrialelectricityisallaboutSingle-phase
andThree-phasetransformers,ACandDC
machines-theirconstruction,design,testing,
operationandmaintenance.
FortroubleshootingElectricalequipmentand
controlcircuits,itisimportanttoknowthe
basicprincipalsonwhichtheelectrical
equipmentworks.
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Principle of a transformer
A transformer works on the principle of

electromagnetic induction - an e.m.f. is
inducedinacoilifitlinksachangingflux.
Transformers are designed to change the

voltageofelectricalpowersupplyfromone
value to another. They are widely used in
powersystems.
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e.m.f. Induced
f = fmaxsinwt
fmaxthemaximumvalueofthefluxinwebers,
w = 2pf
ffrequencyincyclespersecs.
Thee.m.f.inducedinthewindingisgivenbyFaradaysLawand
thedirectionofinducede.m.f.isgivenbyLenzsLaw.
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Faradays Law
Whenthefluxlinkingwiththecircuitchanges,ane.m.f.isinducedin
thecircuitproportionaltotherateofchangeofflux.Theinstantaneous
valueofthee.m.f.inducedintheprimarywindingisgivenby:
e1 = N1 df
dt
The maximum e.m.f. is given by :
E1max=2pfmaxfN1
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Lenzs Law
Thepolarityoftheinducede.m.f.isgivenbytheLenzsLaw.
Thedirectionoftheinducede.m.f.issuchthatthecurrentinducedbyit
tendstostopthechangeproducingit.
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Ideal Transformer
Windingresistancesarenegligible
Allfluxproducedisconfinedtocoreoftransformerandlinksfully
bothwindings
Thepermeabilityofthecoreishighenoughsomagnetizingcurrent
requiredtoproducefluxandestablishitinthecoreisnegligible.
Eddycurrentandhysteresislossesarenegligible
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V = - E
V 1 = - E
I1
I0
I 0( N e g lig ib le )
(a ) N o L o a d
E 2 = V
I2
E
(b ) O n L o a d
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I1
Z 2( N 1 / N 2 )
I2
I2
I1
V
(A )
Z 2 (N 1/N 2)
I1
N
(B )
( C )
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Testing Transformers
Measurementofwindingresistance
MeasurementofVoltageratio
TestPhasorvoltagerelationship
Measurementofimpedancevoltage,shortcircuit
impedanceandloadloss.
Measurementofnoloadlossandnoloadcurrent.
Measurementofinsulationresistance.
Dielectrictest
Temperaturerise
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Electromechanical Energy Conversion

Theelectromechanicalenergyconversiondeviceisalink
betweenelectricalandmechanicalsystems.
Whenthemechanicalsystemdeliversenergythroughthe
devicetotheelectricalsystem,thedeviceiscalledagenerator.
Whenelectricalsystemdeliversenergythroughdeviceto
themechanicalsystem,thedeviceiscalledamotor.
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For a Generator
Tm=Te+Tf
and,eandiareinsamedirection.
where,
TmisMechanicalTorque
TeisElectricalTorque
T
isTorquelostduetofriction
f
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Right-hand Rule
Holdtheconductorinrighthandwithfingersclosed
aroundconductorandthumbpointingtowards
thedirectionofthecurrent.Thefingerswillpointtowardsthe
directionofthemagneticlinesofthefluxproducedaroundthe
conductor.
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Cork Screw Rule

The direction and the travel in which it has to be
rotated are related to each other the same way as the
direction of the current in the conductor and the
directionofthefieldthatwouldbeproducedduetothe
current. The magnetic field exists in the plane
perpendiculartotheconductor.
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Flux produced by Current

Carrying Coil
Fluxcanbeproducedbycausingthecurrenttoflowthrougha
coilinsteadofaconductor.
Thedirectionofthemagneticfluxinthecoilisgivenbythe
Right-handrule.
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E.m.f induced due to Rotation of a Conductor in a

Magnetic Field
Thee.m.f.inducedduetorotationofaconductororacoil
inamagneticfieldisgivenas:
e.m.f.(e)=BLv
where:
Bisfluxdensityofmagneticfield(wb/m2)
Llengthoftheconductorperpendiculartomagnetic
field(meters)
vvelocityofconductor(m/sec)
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Flemings Right Hand Rule for Determining the Direction

of e.m.f. Induced
Flemings right hand rule states that if the forefinger of the
right hand points in the direction of the field and the thumb
towardsthemotion,thenthemiddlefingerpointstowardsthe
directionofe.m.f.induced.
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Flemings Left Hand Rule

Givestherelationshipbetweenthedirectionofthecurrent,the
direction of field and the direction of the motion. If the
forefingerofthelefthandpointstowardsthefield,themiddle
finger points towards the direction of the current and the
thumbpointstowardsthedirectionofmotion.
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Force on a Conductor in a Magnetic Field

If a conductor carries current in a magnetic field, then a
mechanical force is exerted on it. The force exerted on the
conductorisgivenas:
F = B L I
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Torque on a Conductor in a Magnetic Field

Iftheconductoronarotorhasaradiusofr,thenthetorqueproducedon
theconductorisgivenas:
T = Fr
or
B L I r
Foracoilwithtwosides,theelectromagnetictorquewillbedouble.
ThePowerisgivenas:
Power = T wr
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A Generator or a Motor Action

e.m.f. is induced enough to overcome the drop of volts in
resistance of the winding and supply the load at the required
voltage.
The electromagnetic torque produced by current-carrying
conductorsiscountertorque,opposingtherotation.
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Motor Armature
Therotationalorspeede.m.fisproducedinoppositiontothe
appliedvoltage.Thisisknownascounterorbacke.m.f.
Mechanicaltorqueisproducedasrequiredbytheloaddriven
by the motor. For more torque and mechanical power output,
there must be more input to the motor from the mains. The
motordrawscurrentaccordingtotherequirementoftheload.
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Basic Characteristics of Electrical Machines

Thevoltagesareinducedinthewindings,theloadcurrents
andtheterminalsvoltagesunderdifferentloadingconditions.
Thespeedatwhichthemachineworksunderdifferent
loadingconditions,frequency.
Thepowerinputortheoutputreceivedfromthemachine.
Thetorqueproducedunderdifferentloadingconditions.
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Single Phase Power System

W=VIcosf
here,
Wisthepower(watts)
VisR.M.S.Voltage
IisR.M.S.Current
cosfisPowerFactor[=W/VI]
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Three-Phase Power Systems

For Delta-connected system :
LineVoltage=PhaseVoltage
LineCurrent=1.732*PhaseCurrent
For Star-connected system :

LineVoltage=1.732*PhaseVoltage
LineCurrent=PhaseCurrent
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Clamp-on Meter
WhenanACcircuitistobetested,aClip-aroundorclamp-on
meter is quite useful. The clamp-on meter has a probe in the
formofironorferritecorewhichcanbeopenedtoallowitto
beclamped-onorclippedoverthecurrentcarryingconductor.
Whentheclipisclosed,itformsthemagneticcoreofa
transformer.
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Megohmmeter
Highresistancemeasurementsoftheorderofmegaohmsare
requiredinelectricalequipmenttestingandtroubleshooting.
MegohmmeterbasedonmegaohmBridgemethodisusedfor
highresistancemeasurements.
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Harmonics
Fundamental frequency ofAC power distribution system
is50Hzor60Hz
Harmonicfrequency-Anysinusoidalfrequency,whichis
amultipleofthefundamentalfrequency
Can be even or odd multiples of the sinusoidal
fundamentalfrequency
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Linear and Non Linear Loads

Linearelectricload-Drawspurelysinusoidalcurrent
when connected to sinusoidal voltage source
Resistors,capacitors,inductors
Non Linear electric load Draws non-sinusoidal
current when connected to sinusoidal voltage source
diodebridge,thyristorbridge,variablespeeddrives,
rectifiers
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Fundamental wave with 3rd Harmonic
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Harmonic Order
TheMultiple,thattheharmonicfrequencyisofthe
fundamentalfrequency
Harmonicfrequenciesof50Hzfundamentalare:
Even Harmonics
Odd Harmonics
2ndharmonic-100Hz 3rdharmonic-150Hz
4thharmonic-200Hz 5thharmonic-250Hz
6thharmonic-300Hz 7thharmonic-350Hz
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Trouble Shooting of Motor Electrical

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Trouble Shooting of Motor Electrical

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Troubleshooting, Maintenance &

A transformer works on the principle of

Transformers are designed to change the

Electromechanical Energy Conversion

Cork Screw Rule

Flux produced by Current

E.m.f induced due to Rotation of a Conductor in a

Flemings Right Hand Rule for Determining the Direction

Flemings Left Hand Rule

Force on a Conductor in a Magnetic Field

Torque on a Conductor in a Magnetic Field

A Generator or a Motor Action

Basic Characteristics of Electrical Machines

Single Phase Power System

Three-Phase Power Systems

For Star-connected system :

Linear and Non Linear Loads

Fundamental wave with 3rd Harmonic

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