Basics of Lubrication

27/05/15

History of Lube base oil

Animal and vegetable origin was used in

450AD to 1450AD
Amontons (1699) gave the classical
definition of friction
In 1883 Petrov repoted the coherent film
of lubrication between the rough surface

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History of Lube base oil

Base oil was 1st produced in 18th century
in USA
2nd was in Russia
Base oil is totally overtook of animal and
veg origin oil
Base oil derived from the source of crud
oil

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World Lube Oil Production

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Variation in Crude Oil Properties

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Friction
Friction is the force resisting the relative
motion of surfaces or material elements in
contact.

The ratio of the force of friction between two bodies and the
force pressing them together is known as co-efficient of
friction ()
Ff/ N = constant ()
Ff = N
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Reducing frictional resistance

Friction between moving parts in contact is
unavoidable -but it is desirable to keep this to as
low as possible
Provide a fine or smooth surface finish.
Replacing the one of the material having lower
coefficient of friction.
Introducing a fluid film which separates the
parts slightly thus reducing the friction
(Lubrication)
Installing balls, rollers or needles between the
sliding surfaces which replace the sliding
movement by rolling action (Bearings)
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Lubrication
Lubrication is the process, or technique
employed to reduce wear on surfaces in
close proximity, and moving relative to
each another
Lubrication is effected by introducing a
substance called lubricant. The lubricant
film can be a solid, (graphite), a liquid, a
semi solid (grease) or exceptionally a gas
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Objectives of Lubrication
To reduce frictional resistance
To reduce wear on the bearing surfaces
To protect the bearing surfaces from
corrosion
To carry away heat from the bearing
To reduce noise from the moving
components of the machine

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Different Lubricating conditions

Dry Lubrication- No lubricant present
between the surfaces
No oil film

Boundary lubrication (Thin film) -This

condition is found on machine slide ways
(Lathe cross slide, milling machine table).
Thin oil film

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10

Full film lubrication- The surfaces are

separated by thick film of lubricant and
there will not be any metal-to-metal
contact
Thick oil film

Mixed lubrication- Boundary and full

lubricating conditions(Hydrodynamic)

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11

Essential Base Oil Properties

OXIDATION STABILITY
CONSISTENCY

VISCOMETRICS
VISCOSITY, POUR, VI

SATURATES, SULPHUR
NITROGEN

BASESTOCK
QUALITY

COMPATIBILITY
ANILINE POINT
DEMULSIBILITY

VOLATILITY
GCD, NOACK

APPEARANCE
SAFETY
FLASHPOINT
TOXICITY

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COLOUR, CLEANLINESS
CLARITY, ODOUR

12

Base Oil Components

VI
N PARAFFINS
IS0 - PARAFFINS
NAPHTHENES
(CYCLO PARAFFINS)
AROMATICS

POUR POINT

VERY HIGH

HIGH

HIGH

LOW

MODERATE

LOW

LOW

LOW

BASE OILS ALSO CONTAIN SULPHUR, OXYGEN AND METAL COMPOUNDS (Dibenzo, Thiophene)
e.g

S
PARAFFINIC
AROMATIC

BASE OILS CONTAIN

BASE OILS CONTAIN

45-60%
20-25%

PARAFFINIC COMPOUNDS
AROMATIC COMPOUNDS

NAPHTHENIC

BASE OILS CONTAIN

65-75%

NAPHTHENIC COMPOUNDS

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13

Backup slide

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14

Characteristic on the Basis of

Lubricant Performance
Properties

Alkanes

Alicyclic

Aromatics

Density

Low

High

High

Velocity

Low

High

High

VI

Good

Low

Poor

Melting point

High

Low

low

Oxidation

Good

Low

poor

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15

Selection of Crude Oil

Both are rich in Alkanes

Use to produce base oil
Good oxidation stability

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Low in Alkanes content

Free from the wax
Low viscosity/temperature

16

Physical Properties
Low Temperature Properties
*Cloud Point
*Pour Point * Flow by gravitation
Viscosity of oil at low
*Cold Crank Stimulation *Apparent
tem. And hight share rate
*Low Temp. Viscosity of gear and
*Brookfiled Viscosity
hydraulic fluid under low share stress
High Temperature Properties
*Volatility : Tendency of an oil to be lost
* Flash Point : Auto Ignition of Vapors
*Detection of 1st formation of wax
*Haziness or milky white appearance appear

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17

Physical Properties
Viscosity: ability of an oil to form lubricating film
Absolute Viscosity:
Kinetmaic Viscosity

Viscosity Index: measurs the degree of aromatics removal ,

comparing the different base oil,

Other properties
Density
Demulsification
Foam Characteristics
Thermal Conductivity
Electrical properties

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18

Chemical Properties
Oxidation
Corrosion

*Due oxidation change in viscosity

*corrosion
*formation of acid
Discoloration of metal
Change in surface codition

Carbon Residue

*Deposit at elevated Temp.

*ASTM D189 test is required

Seal Compatibility

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19

ATMOSPHERIC DISTILLATION
LPG *

Crude is transported to the

refinery mainly by ship or
pipeline

In an atmospheric distillation
tower liquid petroleum gas
(LPG), gases and various
liquid petroleum fractions are
produced

The residue can be used as

a feedstock for base oil
production

NAPTHA
KEROSENE
GAS OIL
HEAVY GAS OIL
CRUDE OIL

RESIDUE

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20

Vacuum Distillation
LIGHT SPINDLE OIL

In the vacuum distillation tower

base oil cuts with various
viscosities are produced

The vacuum residue can also

be deasphalted to produce a
further base oil cut, brightstock

Asphalt is a by-product and is

used for roads etc.

HEAVY SPINDLE OIL

LIGHT LUBEOIL
HEAVY LUBE OIL

BRIGHTSTOCK

RESIDUE
FROM
ATMOSPHERIC
DISTILLATION

DEASPHALTOR

RESIDUE

ASPHALT

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21

Why do we need further refining?

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Mineral base oils after vacuum distillation still contain some

undesirables:

Large paraffin molecules (wax type) have a high pour point

Aromatics are considered as carcinogenic and form sludge

Unsaturates have poor oxidation stability, and form sludge

and varnish

Nitrogen compounds catalyse oxidation

However some components are also desirable:

Sulphur compounds - some are natural anti-oxidants

Large paraffin molecules - have a high viscosity index

22

Further refining processes

Aromatics are extracted with certain solvents

Waxes are removed by solvent dewaxing

Sulphur, nitrogen compounds and unsaturates are reduced by

hydrogenation

Further refining is a balance between:

27/05/15

Reducing the undesirable compounds - basestock quality

Reducing the desirable compounds - additive treat

Cost

23

SOLVENT EXTRACTION

Each of the particular base oil cuts

is mixed with a special solvent
The solvent is removed, taking most
of the aromatics with it
Improves

Viscosity index

Colour

WAXY RAFFINATE

SPECIAL
SOLVENT
MIX

BASE OIL FEEDSTOCK

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Oxidation stability

Lowers the carcinogenicity

Process oils are produced as a byproduct, used in rubber tyre

manufacture

FROM VACUUM
TOWER
SOLVENT EXTRACT

24

SOLVENT DEWAXING

Oil and solvent are mixed and cooled to

a set temperature

Large paraffinic molecules precipitate

out as wax, which is filtered off

Effect

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Reduces pour point

Reduces viscosity index (VI)

By-product is wax

DEWAXING
SOLVENT

BASE OIL FEEDSTOCK

SOLVENT EXTRACTION

Used in candle industry

Used to form synthetic basestocks

(slack wax isomerates)

WAX

25

HYDROFINING

Hydrogen is reacted with the base oil in

the presence of a catalyst under high
temperature and high pressure
Effect

Improves colour

Converts unsaturates to saturates

Reduces sulphur, nitrogen and

oxygen

Reduces acidity

Slightly increases pour point

Yields the final base oils

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FINAL
PRODUCT

Solvent neutrals of different

viscosities

HYDROGEN
AND
CATALYST

BASE OIL FEEDSTOCK

FROM DEWAXING
PROCESS
NAPHTHA

By product naphtha

Used for fuels

Used in chemical industry

26

THE COMPLETE PROCESS

ATMOSPHERIC
TOWER

FUEL

EXTRACTION
TOWER

VACUUM
STILL

DEWAXING
UNIT

(Removes
Aromatics)

(Removes
Wax)

HYDROFINISHING
TOWER

FINAL
(Removes N & S PRODUCT
compounds)
BASE OIL

*
*

CRUDE

RESIDUE

SOLVENT

SOLVENT

HYDROGEN

DEASPHALTER

RESIDUE

SOLVENT
EXTRACT

WAX

NAPTHA

SOLVENT
NEUTRAL

ASPHALT

* Each cut is sent through different towers separately

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27

Typical Inspection Data

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28

Additives
The properties of a lubricant can be improved
by adding certain chemicals
Anti oxidants
Foam depressants
Corrosion inhibitors
Detergent Dispersers
Oiliness improvers
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29

Selection of Lubricant
The selection of lubricant depend on:
Type of mechanism being lubricated
Type of lubricating system
Rate of heat removal
Cost

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30

Selection of Lubricant -typical

examples
Feature

Lubricant

Lubricating
system

Heat removal

Plain
bearing

Oil

Hand

Low

High

Light duty

Circulating

High

Low

Continuous

Porous

Low

Low

Low speeds

Grease

Hand

Nil

High

Light duty

Oil

Oil mist

low

Low

High cost

Oil bath

low

Low

Churning

Splash

Moderate

Low

Used in gear
box

Packed

Nil

Low

Long life

Central

Nil

Low

Convenient

Bath

Moderate

Low

Simple gear
box

High

Low

Hi-duty gears

Hand

Nil

High

Hi-duty gears

Housing filled

Nil

Low

Low speeds

Rolling bearing

Grease

Gears

Oil

Circulating

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Grease

Maintenance
cost

Comments

31

Conventional Base Oil Manufacturing

Methods
Historic Method
Distillation residue use as lubricant.
Wax was removed by chilling
H2SO4 was used in order to reduce aromatics
Clay was use for adsorption of acid and other impurities

Production of Base Oil in Modern Refinery

Selective solvent is used for the removal of Aromatics
Solvent dewaxing method is replaced by cold pressing
Finishing of base oil catalytic hydrogeneration process isnomally
use now
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32

Base Oil Production

Distillation
De-asphasting
Solvent extraction
Solvent dewaxing
Finishing
Modern Catalytic Process
Hydrotreamtent
Hydrocracking
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33

Distillation columns
1.

Classified according to:

Nature of the feed that they are processing:

2.

Number of product streams they have:

3.

extractive distillation - where the extra feed appears in the bottom

product stream;
azeotropic distillation - where the extra feed appears at the top product
stream.

Type of column internals:

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multi-product column - column has more than two product streams.

Where extra feed exits when used to help with the separation:

4.

binary column - feed contains only two components;

multi-component column - feed contains more than two components.

tray column - trays of various designs used to hold up the liquid to

provide better contact between vapour and liquid;
packed column - packings are used to enhance vapour-liquid contact.
34

Main Components of Distillation Columns

A vertical shell where separation

of liquid components is done.
Column internals e.g.trays/plates
and/or packings which are used to
enhance component separations.
A reboiler to provide the
necessary vaporization for the
distillation process.
A condenser to cool and condense
the vapour leaving the top of the
column.
A reflux drum to hold the
condensed vapour from the top of
the column so that liquid (reflux)
can be recycled back to the
column.
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35

Trays and plates

Bubble cap trays
A riser or chimney is fitted
over each hole, and a cap
covers the riser. The cap
is mounted with a space to
allow vapour to rise
through the chimney and
be directed downward by
the cap, finally
discharging through slots
in the cap, and bubbling
through the liquid on the
tray.
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36

Trays and plates

Valve trays
Perforations are covered by caps
lifted by vapour, which creates a
flow area and directs the vapour
horizontally into the liquid.

Sieve trays
Sieve trays are simply metal
plates with holes in them. Vapour
passes straight upward through
the liquid on the plate. The
arrangement, number and size of
the holes are design parameters.
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37

Packings

Packings are passive devices designed to increase the interfacial area

for vapour-liquid contact.
They do not cause excessive pressure-drop across a packed section,
which is important because a high pressure drop would mean that more
energy is required to drive the vapour up the distillation column.
Packed columns are called continuous-contact columns while trayed
columns are called staged-contact columns because of the manner in
which vapour and liquid are contacted.

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38

Basic operation
The feed is introduced somewhere
near the middle of the column to a
tray known as the feed tray.
The feed tray divides the column into
a top (enriching or rectification) and
a bottom (stripping) section.
The feed flows down the column
where it is collected in the reboiler.
Heat (usually as steam) is supplied to
the reboiler to generate vapour.
The vapour from the reboiler is reintroduced into the unit at the bottom
of the column.
The liquid removed from the reboiler
is known as the bottoms product or
simply, bottoms.
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39

Basic operation

Vapour moves up the column, exits the top, and is cooled in a

condenser. The condensed liquid is stored in a holding vessel known
as the reflux drum. Some of this liquid is recycled back to the top of
the column and this is called the reflux. The condensed liquid that is
removed from the system is known as the distillate or top product.
Thus, there are internal flows of vapour and liquid within the column
as well as external flows of feeds and product streams, into and out of
the column.

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40

Propane deasphalting
Coke-forming tendencies of heavier distillation products
are reduced by removal of asphaltenic materials by solvent
extraction.
Liquid propane is a good solvent (butane and pentane are
also commonly used).
Deasphalting is based on solubility of hydrocarbons in
propane
Vacuum residue is fed to a countercurrent deasphalting
tower. Alkanes dissolve in propane whereas asphaltenic
materials (______________), coke-precursors do not.
Asphalt is sent for thermal processing.

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41

Propane deasphalting

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42

SOLVENT DEASPHALTING
A physical separation based residue upgradation process, separates vacuum
residue on the basis of both molecular
type & size.
Produces extra heavy viscosity lube base
stock and / or feedstock for conversion
units.
Pitch or Asphalt is obtained as bottom
product
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43

Deasphalting Solvents
Commercially used solvents are
LIGHTER SOLVENTS : PROPANE & ISOBUTANE
Higher selectivity
Reject all resins and asphaltenes
Suitable for production of lubes oils
HEAVIER SOLVENTS : n-BUTANE, PENTANE (n& i) and LIGHT
NAPHTHA
-- Less selective than the lighter solvents
Produce higher yields of DAO
(suitable as conversion feedstocks)
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44

General Properties Deasphalting

Solvents
Solubility of oil decreases with increase in
temperature
More selective at higher temperatures
Exhibit lower critical solution temperature

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45

Processing of DAO
PROCESSING FOR
LUBE

: Lube production increased

by approx 20%

CRACKING

: 1/3rd of cat. cracking feed in

a refinery can be DAO

HYDROTREATING : Economical, consumes less

hydrogen, less investment

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46

Processing of Asphalt
Process
BLENDING

: Tailor made asphalt (bitumen)

or fuel oil

VISBREAKING : Minimizes need or cutter stock

GASIFICATION : Hydrogen, steam and power
production
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47

DEASPHALTING:
PROCESS VARIABLES
SOLVENT COMPOSITION
Blends of light hydrocarbon solvents
Increased operating flexibility
SOLVENT-TO-FEED RATIO (S/F)
Selectivity improves by increasing S/F at constant DAO
yield
Economically optimum S/F is used
TEMPERATURE / TEMPERATURE GRADIENT
Oil solubility in solvent
Decreases with increase in temp. (optimum temps)
Temp. gradient improves separation between DAO-Asphalt
phases
PRESSURE
Maintained above V.P. of solvent at operating temperatures.
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48

General Operating Conditions of

SDA Units Vs. Type of Solvent
OPERATING
CONDITIONS

PROPANE

BUTANE

PENTANE

EXTRACTION
RANGE (C)

50 80

100 130

170 210

PRESSURE
RANGE (MPa)

3.5 4.0

~ 4.0

~ 4.0

SOLVENT
RATIO (VOL.)

69

47

3-5

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49

Solvent Recovery From

DAO & Asphalt Phases
EVAPORATIVE MODE
Multiple effect evaporation (up to 3 stages)
Series of progressively lower pressure flashes followed by
stripping
SUPERCRITICAL MODE (FOR DAO PHASE)
Phase separation at / above critical temperature of solvent
85 to 93% solvent recovered as lighter phase for heat
exchange and recycle in the process
Recovered solvent has very low DAO content
Remaining solvent from DAO recovered by flashing /
stripping

Solvent extraction and dewaxing

Solvent treating is a widely used method of refining lubricating oils as
well as a host of other refinery stocks.
Since distillation (fractionation) separates petroleum products into
groups only by their boiling-point ranges, impurities may remain.
These include organic compounds containing sulfur, nitrogen, and
oxygen; inorganic salts and dissolved metals; and soluble salts that
were present in the crude feedstock.
In addition, kerosene and distillates may have trace amounts of
aromatics and naphthenes, and lubricating oil base-stocks may contain
wax.
Solvent refining processes including solvent extraction and solvent
dewaxing usually remove these undesirables at intermediate refining
stages or just before sending the product to storage.

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51

Solvent extraction
The purpose of solvent extraction is to prevent corrosion, protect catalyst
in subsequent processes, and improve finished products by removing
unsaturated, aromatic hydrocarbons from lubricant and grease stocks.
The solvent extraction process separates aromatics, naphthenes, and
impurities from the product stream by dissolving or precipitation. The
feedstock is first dried and then treated using a continuous countercurrent
solvent treatment operation.
In one type of process, the feedstock is washed with a liquid in which the
substances to be removed are more soluble than in the desired resultant
product. In another process, selected solvents are added to cause
impurities to precipitate out of the product. In the adsorption process,
highly porous solid materials collect liquid molecules on their surfaces.
The solvent is separated from the product stream by heating, evaporation,
or fractionation, and residual trace amounts are subsequently removed
from the raffinate by steam stripping or vacuum flashing.

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52

Solvent extraction

Electric precipitation may be used for separation of inorganic compounds.

The solvent is regenerated for reused in the process.
The most widely used extraction solvents are phenol, furfural, and cresylic
acid.
Other solvents less frequently used are liquid sulfur dioxide, nitrobenzene,
and 2,2' dichloroethyl ether.
The selection of specific processes and chemical agents depends on the
nature of the feedstock being treated, the contaminants present, and the
finished product requirements.

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53

Solvent dewaxing

Solvent dewaxing is used to remove wax from either distillate or residual

basestock at any stage in the refining process.
There are several processes in use for solvent dewaxing, but all have the
same general steps, which are::

mixing the feedstock with a solvent;

precipitating the wax from the mixture by chilling; and
recovering the solvent from the wax and dewaxed oil for recycling by
distillation and steam stripping.

Usually two solvents are used: toluene, which dissolves the oil and
maintains fluidity at low temperatures, and methyl ethyl ketone (MEK),
which dissolves little wax at low temperatures and acts as a wax
precipitating agent.
Other solvents sometimes used include benzene, methyl isobutyl ketone,
propane, petroleum naphtha, ethylene dichloride, methylene chloride,
and sulfur dioxide.
In addition, there is a catalytic process used as an alternate to solvent
dewaxing.
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54

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55

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56

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57

A frictional force tangential to the direction of a flowing fluid, the force of which is
directly related to the fluids viscosity shear stress. In bloodvessels, shear stress act
s on endothelium and is the mechanical force responsible for the acute changes in l
uminal diameter.
Stress parallel to a given surface (e.g., a fault plane) that results from forces applied
parallel to the surface or from remote forces transmitted through surrounding rock.
T=F/A

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58

Detergenets/Disperants

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59

What are the Function of Dispersants?

The function of dispersants is to greatly enhance the transfer
of oil from the water surface into the water column to
mitigate oil spill impacts.
The use of dispersants for oil spill response is often a tradeoff: increased short-term injury to water column resources
to minimize injury to surface water and shoreline resources

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60

Dispersants, like detergents, are simply surfactants.

Surfactants reduce the interfacial tension between water and
oil, permitting the oil to break into tiny droplets. The
function of the solvent is to reduce the viscosity of the
surfactants. The solvent may also aid in surfactant-oil
interaction.
Dispersants enhance a natural process.
The ultimate fate of oil spilled in the marine environment is
biodegradation. Dispersion enhances the rate of natural
biodegradation by increasing the surface area of the spilled
oil.
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61

Applications in Oil Solubilization

To protect against the formation of scum

To minimize the oil contamination

To enhanced the solubilization of oil

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62

Ability to bind easily with oil.

Solubilize the oil into the water when concentration exceed
critical micelle concentration (CMC).
Below CMC all surfactant present as a monomer

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63

63

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64

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65

Types of Lubrication
Hydrodynamic
Boundary
Mixed

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66

Hydrodynamic Lubrication
Occurs when machine parts are completely separated
by a full and continuous film of lubricant
Contact between the parts does not occur.
Full-fluid-film lubrication is hydrodynamic lubrication,
the oil adheres to the moving part and is drawn into
the area between the rotating surfaces, where it forms
a pressure, or hydrodynamic, wedge.
A less common form of full-fluid-lubrication is
hydrostatic lubrication, where the oil is supplied to the
bearing area under pressure to separate the sliding
surfaces.

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67

Hydrodynamic Lubrication

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68

Boundary Lubrication
Under certain conditions such as shock loading,
heavy loads, high temperature, slow speed and
critically low viscosity, the lubricant is no longer
hydrodynamic
Frequent contact between the surfaces, resulting in
a significant rise in temperature and subsequent
destruction of the contacting surfaces.
Under these circumstances, the fluid film is no
longer capable of adequately protecting the
surfaces.
Solid additives are mixed into the grease

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69

Mixed Lubrication
Although not a true mode of lubrication in the
sense of hydrodynamic or boundary, mixed
lubrication occurs more frequently then is
realized.
Mixed lubrication is a transitional mode of
lubrication between hydrodynamic and boundary
Mixed lubrication is characterized by the
likelihood of intermittent surface contact
Anti-wear are essential properties in the lubricant

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70

How is a lubricant made?

Select a base fluid:

MINERAL OIL
or
SYNTHETIC FLUID?

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71

Selecting a base fluid:

MINERAL OIL
Paraffinic or Naphthenic
Readily available
Comparatively low cost
Limited performance.

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72

Selecting a base fluid:

SYNTHETIC FLUIDS
PAO, PAG, Ester
Synthetically manufactured
Comparatively high cost
Improved performance
Longevity
Temperature
Viscosity Index

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73

Selecting a base fluid:

OTHER SYNTHETIC FLUIDS
Silicones
Fluorinated
Ultra Performance
Ultra Temperature
Long Life
Lube for Life

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74

Base fluid selected:

Mineral or Synthetic
NOW SELECT THE
REQUIRED
VISCOSITY.

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75

Selecting the required viscosity:

Generally thinner fluids are used for:

Lighter loads
Faster speeds.

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76

Selecting the required viscosity:

Generally thicker fluids are used for:

Heavier loads
Slower speeds
So how do we measure viscosity?.

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77

400C & 1000C

mm2 per second

=centistokes (cSt)
High
Low

Viscosity
(Thin)

27/05/15

Viscosity
(Thick)

78

Product enhancements:
Extreme Pressure (EP) Additives
CHEMICAL
SOLUTIONS
Chlorine
Sulphur
Phosphorous

27/05/15

SOLID
LUBRICANTS
Graphite
Molybdenum disulphide
(MoS2)
PTFE (Teflon)

79

Product enhancements

OXIDATION INHIBITORS
Longer wet life

CORROSION INHIBITORS
Improves corrosion protection.

TACKY ADDITIVES
Improves adhesion
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80

Thickener Systems turn fluids into greases

Improved Performance
-Temperature
-Mechanical stability

General
Purpose

27/05/15

Soap
Thickeners

Lithium complex
Calcium complex
Aluminium complex

Lithium soap Calcium

soap Aluminium
soap

81

Thickener Properties
Lithium
Good multi-purpose, good mechanical stability,
limited other properties

Lithium Complex
Excellent high temp & mechanical stability
capability

Calcium Complex
Excellent load carrying and water resistance

Aluminium Complex
Excellent temperature capability & water
resistance
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82

Other Thickener Systems

Other grease thickeners:

Bentonite clay
Silica
PTFE.

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83

How is the grease thickness checked ?

NLGI PENETRATION TEST

NATIONAL
LUBRICATING
GREASE
INSTITUE of America.

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84

NLGI Numbers - WHAT DO THEY MEAN?

NLGI No 6

BLOCK GREASE

Old Technology

NLGI No 5

SEMI-SOLID ELASTIC-LIKE
GREASE

Very rarely used, but can be found

in marine or shipping applications

NLGI No 4

VERY TACKY GREASE

Rarely used now, but found

sometimes found in heavy open
gears or mining equipment

NLGI No 3

HEAVIER GREASE

Used mainly for hand applied or

caulking guns

NLGI No 2

85% OF MARKET

Generally used in grease guns

NLGI No 1

THINNER GREASE

Generally used in grease guns,

slightly more pump- able for short
pipe lines

NLGI No 0

TREACLE LIKE GREASE

Used in semi-auto and auto

systems with shorts pipelines

SEMISEMI
FLUID/
FLUID GREASE

NLGI No 00

FLUID GREASE

NLGI No
000

FLUID GREASE

Generally
applied
by and automatic
Used
in semi-auto
systems
Automatic
Lubricator
Used in some gearboxes and
semi & auto lube systems with
longer pipe lines

HOW IS GREASE THICKNESS MEASURED?

Premium EP 2

Premium EP 1

Premium EP 000

NLGI 6
NLGI 5
NLGI 4
NLGI 3
NLGI 2
NLGI 1
NLGI 0
NLGI 00
NLGI 000

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BASIC FUNCTION OF A PRECISION BEARING

TO SUPPORT A ROTATING SHAFT

Outer Race
Balls or
Rollers
Shaft

Inner Race

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Lubricant

87

BASIC FUNCTION OF A PLAIN BEARING

TO SUPPORT A ROTATING SHAFT

Plain Bush
Lubricant

Shaft

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BASIC FUNCTION OF A SLIDE

TO SUPPORT A SLIDING LOAD

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ALL BEARINGS/SLIDES HAVE ONE SURFACE

MOVING AGAINST ANOTHER

FRICTIONAL HEAT

WHY LUBRICATE?
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FRICTIONAL HEAT

FRICTIONAL WEAR

WHY LUBRICATE?
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Introduction of a lubricant film

REDUCES FRICTIONAL HEAT & WEAR

BASIC FUNCTION OF A LUBRICANT.

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Reasons for bearing failure

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Breakdown of improper lubrication section

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Potential failures due to over lubrication

Standard grease gun can develop 3,000 psi
High pressure grease guns can develop >6,000 psi
Potentially resulting in excessive drag causing:
Increased power demand
Ball/roller skid
Increased friction
Excessive heat
Excessive race wear
Degradation of the lubricant.

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Thank You

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Supporting slides
VISCOMETRICS : a device for measuring viscosity
The pour point of a liquid is the temperature at which it becomes semi solid
and loses its flow characteristics. In crude oil a high pour point is generally
associated with a high paraffin content, typically found in crude deriving from
a larger proportion of plant material.
VOLATILITY
Evaporating readily at normal temperatures and pressures
ANILINE POINT. : the lowest temperature at which anilineand a solvent (as
gasoline) are completely miscible and which serves as an indication of the type
of hydrocarbons present in the solvent, the content of aromatics being higher
according as the temperature is lower.
Demulsibility is the ability to release water. This is important when the
equipment is operating in humid climates or in a plant atmosphere that is wet or
humid. Paper mills, steel mills and food-processing operations have significant
exposure
to water-based process fluids.
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