Chapter 4

Fourier Series & Transforms

Basic Idea
notes

Taylor Series
Complex signals are often broken into simple pieces
Signal requirements
Can be expressed into simpler problems
The first few terms can approximate the signal

Example: The Taylor series of a real or complex function (x) is the

power series

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Exp_series.gif

Square Wave

S(t)=sin(2ft)

S(t)=1/3[sin(2f)t)]

S(t)= 4/{sin(2ft) +1/3[sin(2f)t)]}

4 sin(2kft )
s(t ) A
K 1/ odd
k
Fourier Expansion

Square Wave

K=1,3,5

K=1,3,5, 7

Frequency Components of Square Wave

4 sin(2kft )
s (t ) A
K 1/ odd
k
K=1,3,5, 7, 9, ..

Fourier Expansion

Periodic Signals
A Periodic signal/function can be
approximated by a sum (possibly
infinite) sinusoidal signals.
Consider a periodic signal with
period T
A periodic signal can be Real or
Complex
The fundamental frequency: o
Example:

Periodic x(t nT ) x(t )

Re al x(t ) cos(ot )
Complex x(t ) Ae jot
o 2 / To

Fourier Series
We can represent all periodic signals
as harmonic series of the form
Ck are the Fourier Series Coefficients; k is
real
k=0 gives the DC signal
k=+/-1 indicates the fundamental frequency
or the first harmonic 0
|k|>=2 harmonics

Fourier Series Coefficients

Fourier Series Pair

Series of complex
numbers

Defined over a period

of x(t)

We have

Ck* Ck
Ck* e jkot & C k e jkot
C k C k e j k

For k=0, we can obtain the DC value which is the average

value of x(t) over one period

Eulers Relationship
Review Euler formulas
notes

Examples
Find Fourier Series Coefficients for

x (t ) cos(ot )

C1=1/2; C-1=1/2; No DC

Find Fourier Series Coefficients for

x (t ) sin(ot )

C1=1/2j; C-1=-1/2j; No DC

Find Fourier Series Coefficients for

x (t ) cos(2t / 4)

Find Fourier Series Coefficients for

x (t ) sin 2 (ot )

notes

Different Forms of Fourier Series

Fourier Series Representation has three different forms

Also:
Complex
Exp.

Also:
Harmonic

Which one is this?

What is the DC component?
What is the expression for Fourier Series Coefficients

4 sin(2kft )
s (t ) A
K 1/ odd
k

Examples
Find Fourier Series
Coefficients for

Find Fourier Series

Coefficients for

Remember:

Examples
notes

Find the Complex Exponential Fourier Series Coefficients

x(t ) 10 3 cos o t 5 cos(2ot 30 ) 4 sin 3ot

o

textbook

Example

Find the average power of x(t)

using Complex Exponential
Fourier Series assuming x(t) is
periodic

x(t )

x(t )

dt

To

dt

To

x(t )

C e
j

x(t )
*

o tk

Ck e jotk
*

P x(t ) x(t ) dt
*

To

Ck Ck

This is called the Parsevals Identity

Example
Consider the following
periodic square wave
Express x(t) as a piecewise
function
Find the Exponential
Fourier Series of
representations of x(t)
Find the Combined
Trigonometric Fourier
Series of representations of
x(t)
Plot Ck as a function of k

X(t)

To

-V

x(t )

2|Ck|

notes

To/2

2V j / 2 jotk
e
e

k / odd

4V
cos(ko t 90)

k 1 / odd k

4V
sin(ko t )

k 1 / odd

|4V/|
|4V/3|
|4V/5|
0

Use a
Low Pass Filter to
pick any tone
you want!!

Practical Application
Using a XTL oscillator which produces positive 1Vp-p how
can you generate a sinusoidal waveforms with different
frequencies?

Practical Application
Using a XTL oscillator which produces positive 1Vp-p how
can you generate a sinusoidal waveforms with different
frequencies?
Square Signal
@ wo

Level Shifter

Filter @ [k o]
Sinusoidal waveform

X(t)

To/2

@ [kwo]
To

X(t)
To/2

0.5

To

-0.5

x(t )

2V j / 2 jotk
e
e

k / odd k

4V

sin(ko t )
k 1 / odd k

kwo

y (t ) B sin( kot )
B changes depending on k value

Demo

Ck corresponds to frequency components

In the signal.

Example

Given the following periodic square wave, find the Fourier Series representations and
plot Ck as a function of k.

Note: sinc (infinity) 1 &

Max value of sinc(x)1/x

Sinc Function

Only a
function
of freq.

Note: First zero

occurs at Sinc (+/-pi)

Use the Fourier Series Table (Table 4.3)

Consider the following
periodic square wave
Find the Exponential
Fourier Series of
representations of x(t)
X0V
x(t ) 0

X(t)
To/2

To

-V

2V j / 2 jotk
x(t )
e
e
k / odd k

k / odd

2V jotk
e
k

4V

cos(ko t 90)
k 1 / odd k

2|Ck|

4V
sin( kot )

k 1 / odd k
|4V/|
|4V/3|
|4V/5|
0

Fourier Series - Applet

x(t ) 0

k / odd

http://www.falstad.com/fourier/

2V jotk
e
k

Using Fourier Series Table

Given the following periodic square wave, find the Fourier Series
representations and plot Ck as a function of k. (Rectangular wave)
X01
C0=T/To
T/2=T1T=2T1
Ck=T/T0 sinc (Tkw0/2)

T
Tko 2T1
Ck sin c

sin c(T1ko )
To
2
To

2T1

sin c(T1ko )e jotk
k To
Note: sinc (infinity) 1 &
Max value of sinc(x)1/x

Same as
before

Using Fourier Series Table

Express the Fourier Series for a

triangular waveform?

Xo

To

Express the Fourier Series for a

triangular waveform that is
amplitude shifted down by X0/2 ?
Plot the signal.

Fourier Series Transformation

Express the Fourier Series for a

triangular waveform?

Xo

To

From the table:

Xo/2

Express the Fourier Series for a

triangular waveform that is
amplitude shifted down by X0/2 ?
Plot the signal.

-Xo/2

To

Fourier Series Transformation

Express the Fourier Series for a

triangular waveform?

Xo

To

From the table:

Xo
2 X o jotk
x(t )

e
2
2 k / odd k

Xo/2

Express the Fourier Series for a

triangular waveform that is
amplitude shifted down by X0/2 ?
Plot the signal.
Only DC value changed!

-Xo/2

To

Xo
x(t )
2

Xo Xo
2 X o jotk

e
2
2
2 k / odd k
y (t )

2 X o jotk
e

2
k / odd k

Fourier Series Transformation

Express the Fourier Series for a

sawtooth waveform?

Xo

To

From the table:

Xo

Express the Fourier Series for

this sawtooth waveform?

1
To
-3

Fourier Series Transformation

Express the Fourier Series for a

sawtooth waveform?

Xo

To

From the table:

Xo
X o j / 2 jotk
x(t )

e e
2 k / 0 2k

Xo

Express the Fourier Series for

this sawtooth waveform?
We are using amplitude transfer
Remember Ax(t) + B
Amplitude reversal A<0
Amplitude scaling |A|=4/Xo
Amplitude shifting B=1

1
To
-3

y (t )

4
x(t ) 1
Xo

Example

Example

Fourier Series and Frequency Spectra

We can plot the frequency spectrum or line spectrum of
a signal
In Fourier Series k represent harmonics
Frequency spectrum is a graph that shows the amplitudes
and/or phases of the Fourier Series coefficients Ck.
Amplitude spectrum |Ck|
Phase spectrum k
The lines |Ck| are called line spectra because we indicate the values
by lines

Schaums Outline Problems

Schaums Outline Chapter 5 Problems:
4,5 6, 7, 8, 9, 10

Do all the problems in chapter 4 of the textbook

Skip the following Sections in the text:
4.5

Read the following Sections in the textbook on your own

4.4