SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

STANDARD & ASSESSMENT

Life Cycle Assessment

LCA is a technique to assess environmental impacts associated with
all the stages of a product's life which aimed to help avoid a
narrow outlook on environmental concerns by:
Compiling an inventory of relevant energy and material inputs and
environmental releases;
Evaluating the potential impacts associated with identified inputs
and releases;
Interpreting the results to help make a more informed decision
The termlife cyclerefers to the notion that a fair,holistic
assessment requires the assessment of raw-material production,
manufacture,distribution, use and disposal including all intervening
transportation steps necessary or caused by the product's
existence
The procedures of LCA are part of theISO 14000 environmental
management standards: in ISO 14040:2006 and 14044:2006.

Life Cycle Assessment

According to the ISO 14040 and 14044 standards, an LCA is carried
out in four distinct phases. The phases are often interdependent in
that the results of one phase will inform how other phases are
completed.

LCA : building context

phase for sustainable building need
the need and desire for more energy efficient
and environmentally friendlyconstruction
practices

motives for building green, including

environmental, economic, and social benefits

integrates the building life-cycle with each

green practice employed with a designpurpose to create a synergy among the
practices used

LCA : sustainable building

The practices or technologies employed in green building are

constantly evolving and may differ from region to region, but
fundamental sustainable building principles persist from which the
method is derived:
Siting and Structure Design Efficiency
Energy Efficiency
Water Efficiency
Material Efficiency
Indoor Environmental Quality Enhancement
Operation and Maintenance Optimization
Waste and Toxic Reduction
Proper Synergistic Design
Designing a building that is in harmony with the natural features
and resources surrounding the site

LCA : sustainable building

1. Siting and structure efficiency

deals with reducing the pollution associated
with the construction activity, selecting sites
appropriate for development, protecting
environmentally sensitive areas and restoring
damaged habitats, encouraging alternative modes
of transportation to reduce the impact of
automobile use, respecting the natural water
hydrology of a site, and reducing the effects of
heat islands.

LCA : sustainable building

2. Water efficiency

promotes reducing the demand for potable

water and the generation of wastewater by
using water-conserving fixtures, capturing
rainwater or recycled grey water for conveying
sewage, and treating wastewater with on-site
systems .

One critical issue of water consumption is that

in many areas, the demands on the supplying
aquifer exceed its ability to replenish itself. To
the maximum extent feasible, facilities should
increase their dependence on water that is
collected, used, purified, and reused on-site.

LCA : sustainable building

3. Energy efficiency
Encourages increasing the efficiency with
which buildings and their sites acquire
and use energy, increasing renewable,
nonpolluting energy sources to reduce the
environmental and economic impacts
associated with fossil fuel energy use, and
minimizing the emissions that contribute
to ozone depletion and global warming.

LCA : sustainable building

4. Material and resources efficiency

Seeks to maximize the use of locally available,

rapidly renewable and recycled materials, reduce
waste and the demand for virgin materials, retain
cultural resources, and minimize the environmental
impacts of new building.

Building materials should be extracted and

manufactured locally to the building site to minimize
the energy embedded in their transportation. Where
possible, building elements should be manufactured
off-site and delivered to site, to maximize benefits of
off-site manufacture including minimizing waste,
maximizing recycling (because manufacture is in one
location), high quality elements, better OHS
management, less noise and dust.

LCA : sustainable building

5. Indoor environmentally quality
enhancement
Promotes the enhanced comfort,
productivity, and well-being of building
occupants by improving indoor air quality,
maximizing day lighting and thermal
comfort system to suit task needs and
preferences, and minimizing the exposure
of building occupants to potentiality
hazardous particulates and chemical
pollutants, such as the volatile organic
compounds (VOC) contained in adhesives
and coatings and the urea-formaldehyde

LCA : sustainable building

6. Operation and maintenance
optimization
No matter how sustainable a building may have
been in its design and construction, it can
only remain so if it is operated responsibly
and maintained properly. Ensuring operations
and maintenance(O&M) personnel are part of
the project's planning and development
process will help retain the green criteria
designed at the onset of the project. Every
aspect of green building is integrated into
the O&M phase of a building's life. The
addition of new green technologies also falls
on the O&M staff.

LCA : sustainable building

7. Waste reduction

Seeks to reduce waste of energy, water and materials

used during construction. During the construction phase,
one goal should be to reduce the amount of material
going to landfills. Well-designed buildings also help
reduce the amount of waste generated by the occupants
as well, by providing on-site solutions such as composite
bins to reduce matter going to landfills.

When buildings reach the end of their useful life, they

are typically demolished and hauled to landfills.
Deconstruction is a method of harvesting what is
commonly considered "waste" and reclaiming it into
useful building material. Extending the useful life of a
structure also reduces waste building materials such as
wood that are light and easy to work with make

Sustainable building: international code

Code

Aspect

United Nations Environment

Program(UNEP)

to facilitate the transition to low-carbon societies,

support climate proofing efforts, improve
understanding of climate change science, and raise
public awareness about this global challenge

Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC)

to assess scientific, technical and socio-economic

information concerning climate change, its potential
effects and options for adaptation and mitigation

Agenda 21

a comprehensive blueprint of action to be taken

globally, nationally and locally by organizations of the
UN, governments, and major groups in every area in
which human impact on environment

International Federation of
Consulting Engineers (FIDIC)
Project Sustainability
Management Guidelines

to assist project engineers and other stakeholders in

setting sustainable development goals for their
projects that are recognized and accepted by as being
in the interests of society as a whole

IPD Environment Code

is intended as a good practice global standard for

measuring the environmental performance of
corporate buildings

ISO 21931

is intended to provide a general framework for

improving the quality and comparability of methods

Sustainable building: country code

As a result of the increased interest in sustainable building

concepts and practices, a number of organizations have developed
standards, codes and rating systems that let government
regulators, building professionals and consumers embrace
sustainable building with confidence.
Country
Code
Country
Code
Indonesia

GBCI

USA, Canada

LEED

Japan

CASBEE

Italy

Australia

Green Star

Protocollo
Itaca

Korea

GBCC

Malaysia

GBCM

Singapore

Green Mark

Thailand

TREES

Vietnam

LOTUS

China

GBAS

France

HQE

Germany

DGNB

UK

BREEAM

Example: LEED rating system

Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) provide
measurable criteria that promote environmentally sustainable
construction. The system was developed by The US Green Building
Council (USGBC) as consensus among its members.
To aid designer, builders, and owners achieve LEED certification for
specific building types and phase of a building life cycle, USBGC has
developed a number of version of LEED rating system:

LEED-NC : for new construction and major renovation

LEED CI : for commercial interior

LEED-CS : for core/shell

LEED-EB : for existing building

LEED-Homes

LEED-ND : for neighborhood development

LEED for school

Example: LEED rating system

The LEED rating system for new construction and
major renovation addresses seven major areas of
development:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Siting and structure efficiency

Water efficiency
Energy efficiency
Material and resources efficiency
Indoor environmentally quality enhancement
Operation and maintenance optimization
Waste reduction

Example: LEED rating system

Example: LEED rating system

Example: LEED rating system

Example: LEED rating system

Example: CASBEE Japan

CASBEE was developed according to the following

policies:
The system should be structured to award high
assessments to superior buildings, thereby
enhancing incentives to designers and others.
The assessment system should be as simple as
possible.
The system should be applicable to buildings in a
wide range of building types.
The system should take into consideration issues
and problems peculiar to Japan and Asia.

Example: CASBEE Japan

CASBEE was developed in the suite of architectural design process,
starting from the pre-design stage and continuing through design and post
design stages.

Example: CASBEE Japan

Corresponding to the building lifecycle, CASBEE is composed of four
assessment tools, CASBEE for Pre-design, CASBEE for New Construction,
CASBEE for Existing Building and CASBEE for Renovation, and to serve at
each stage of the design process .

Example: CASBEE Japan

Application

Name

For Detached Houses

CASBEE for Detached Houses

(for New Construction, for Existing Building)

For Temporary Construction

CASBEE for Temporary Construction

Brief versions

CASBEE for New Construction (Brief Version), for Existing

Buildings (Brief version), for Renovation (Brief version)
CASBEE for Urban Development (Brief version)

Local government versions

CASBEE-Nagoya, CASBEE-Osaka, CASBEE-Yokohama etc.

For Heat Island effect

CASBEE for Heat Island

For Urban Development

CASBEE for Urban Development

For Cities

CASBEE for Cities

Example: GBCI (Greenship)