Module 3.

Situational Analysis

ORIENTATION
Situational Analysis

Objectives:
Main objectives:
Assessing resources and resource uses;
Generating map with the proposed protection and
production forestlands;
Identifying problems, issues, and opportunities
based on current situations and resource uses;
Assessing stakeholders and institutions and
Generating proposed allocation (tenure) of
forestland.

Methods:
Review current forestland assets
(1) biophysical resources
(2) social/cultural/economic resources and
(3) institutional resources

Review trends/changes in resource assets

Agree on criteria and identify primary management zones
(protection & production)
Consider relationships/conflicts among users and
stakeholders & capabilities of resource institutions to
manage the LGUs forestland
Identify possible problems/ issues, needs and
opportunities

Expected outputs. . .
A matrix showing the forest and forestland assets of
LGU, current locations, quantity and historical trends
of these assets;
List of stakeholders and users of assets, their interests
and relations with other stakeholders;
An analysis of the capabilities of institutions involved
in forestland management particularly the DENR and
the LGUs;
Identification of protection and production areas based
on national policies and local ordinances and policies;
Identified threats to forestland and forest including
problems, issues, needs and opportunities in the
management of the LGUs FFL; and
Initial proposed allocation of LGUs forestland (tenure)
5

PROTECTION
&
PRODUCTION
Situational Analysis

Total land area

Constitution
A & D lands

NIPAS, DAO
2008-26 &
EO 318
DAO 95-15
EO 23

SPZ

WPAs

Mineral
lands

MUZ

Protected areas/
National parks

Protection
forests

Conservation areas

Forestlands

Production
forests

LEVEL OF FLUP

DAO 95-15
Agriculture

Tree plantations

Grazing

Agroforestry

Settleme
nt

Other
uses

National Policies Related to

Allocation of Forestlands

Constitutional Provision . . .
Art. XII, Section 3. Lands of the public domain
are classified into agricultural, forest or timber,
mineral lands and national parks. Agricultural
lands of the public domain may be further
classified by law according to the uses to which
they may be devoted. Alienable lands of the
public domain shall be limited to agricultural
lands.

NIPAS
SEC. 5. Established and Extent of the System---The
establishment and operationalization of the
System shall involve the following:
Areas or islands in the Philippines proclaimed,
designated or set aside, pursuant to a law,
presidential decree, presidential proclamation or
executive order as national park, game refuge,
bird and wildlife sanctuary, wilderness area, strict
nature reserve, fish sanctuary, natural and
historical landmark, protected and managed
landscape/seascape as well as identified virgin
forests before the effectivity of this Act are hereby
designated as initial components of the System.
10

DAO 2008-26 . . .
Section 10.3. Each protected area shall be
divided into two management zones:
strict protection zone and
multiple use zone consistent with its
designated category.

11

E.O. 318 . . .
State forestlands shall be identified, classified
and delineated/ demarcated on the ground and
shall constitute the permanent forest estate,
unless otherwise stipulated by Congress. The
same shall be categorized and managed either
as primarily for production or as primarily for
protection purposes

12

DAO 15-S.95 Sect 3. Definition of Terms

Protection Forest- forestlands outside NIPAS
obtained essentially for their beneficial influence on
soil and water in particular and the environment in
general. These are areas above 50% in slope and
more than 1,000 meters specified width bordering
rivers, streams, shoreline and reservoir, and steep,
rocky areas and other naturally unproductive lands.
Production Forest - forestlands tended primarily for
the production of timer. These areas below 50%
slope and less than 1,000 meters in elevation. This
includes natural and man-made forests.
13

PD 1067 (1976) . . .
Art. 51. The banks or rivers and streams and
the shores of the seas and lakes throughout
their entire length and within a zone of three
(3) meters in urban areas, twenty (20) meters
in agricultural areas and forty (40) meters in
forest areas, along their margins, are subject to
the easement of public use in the interest of
recreation, navigation, flotage, fishing and
salvage. No person shall be allowed to stay in
this zone longer than what is necessary for
recreation, navigation, flotage, fishing or
salvage or to build structures of any kind.
14

E.O. 23
Section 2. Moratorium on the cutting and
harvesting of timber in the natural forests. A
moratorium on the cutting and harvesting of
timber in natural and residual forests of the
entire country is hereby declared unless lifted
after the effectivity of this Executive Order

15

R.A. 8435 (AFMA (1997)

SEC. 12. Protection of Watershed Areas. - All
watersheds that are sources of water for
existing and potential irrigable areas and
recharge areas of major aquifers identified by
the Department of Agriculture and the
Department of Environment and Natural
resources shall be preserved as such at all
times.

16

DAO 15 Series of 1995 . . .

Sec. 4 Sub - Classification Categories
-subclassification shall be carried out within the
inalienable lands of the public domain
classified as forestlands, mineral lands and
national park under Article XII, Section 3 of the
new Constitution of the Philippines:

17

Forestlands. . .

FORESTLANDS:
a. Agricultural
b. Industrial or Commercial
c. Residential
d. Resettlement
e. Ancestral lands
f. Grazing
g. Protection
h. Production
i. Agro-forest
j. Fishfarm/ fishponds

18

Criteria:
The criteria for protection is derived from national laws and
policies and complemented with local policies if any for
example:

>50% slope
>1000 masl
natural forests
hazard areas (buffer zone)
river easements (40m/20m)
springs (buffer zone)
lakes, caves, waterfalls (buffer zone)
rocky and naturally unproductive areas
catchments of water sources/springs (water
production area map)

Steps
Situational Analysis

STEPS of Situational
Analysis
Final data:
Orientation
and
preparation
of data for
analysis

14 Thematic Maps
2 Derived Maps
Forestland Assets
Community Profile
Institutional Profile

Situational
analysis
workshop
(issues and
opportunities)
and proposed
allocation

Consensus
Building
DENR
Technical
Discussion
C/MDC
Meeting
Cross visit to
LGU
implementing
FLUP

STEPS of Situational
Analysis
STEP 1. Orientation and preparation of data
PREPARATION OF DATA FOR ANALYSIS
14 Thematic Maps

ORIENTATI
ON

BioPhysical
Profile/FF
L Assets

Communi
ty Profile

Protection vs Production
Water Production
(catchment, service
areas)
After orientation check that information is available to produce
14 thematic maps, 2 derived maps, community profile

STEPS of Situational
Analysis
STEP 2. Finalization
of data for analysis
14 Thematic Maps

Derived Maps

BioPhysical
Profile/FF
L Assets

Communi
ty Profile

Institution
al Profile

Finalize: 14 thematic maps, 2 derived maps, community profile,

complete institutional profile

STEPS of Situational
Analysis
STEP 3. Situational
Analysis workshop
Analysis of Issues and Opportunities & Proposed
Allocation
ANALYSIS of ISSUES &
OPPORTUNITIES
14
Thematic
Maps
Protectio
n
vs
Productio
n

Water
Production
Areas
Community
Profile

Issues
&
Opportun
ities

ORIENTATION
to
ALLOCATION
OPTIONS

PROPOSED
ALLOCATIO
N

Institutional
Profile

Combine data, analyze and derive main issues, constraints and

opportunities, after orientation to allocation options propose
appropriate allocation for open access areas

STEPS of Situational
Analysis
STEP 4.
Consensus Building
to agree FINAL ALLOCATION and propose strategies
1 day
Technical
Discussion with
DENR
1 day
Presentation
to C/MDC

PROPOSED
ALLOCATIO
N

INITIAL
SUPPORT
STRATEGIES

FOR
STRATEGIC
PLANNING

Present the results of SA to DENR and Municipal Development

Council, finalize allocation and get feedback. Cross visit to LGU
implementing FLUP is also recommended at this stage. It will
help MTWG to draft strategies during the next module.

Finalization
of Data
for Situational
Analysis

WORKSHOP 1. Finalization
of data

Participants are divided into three working

groups:
1.Mapping Group to produce table on
biophysical profile
2.Community Profiling Group to
check/finalise the data from Community
Profile and findings of FGD
3.Institutional Profiling Group to produce
institutional profile with the help of
facilitators

GROUP 1.
FORESTLAND ASSETS
BIO-PHYSICAL
PROFILE

Forest and Forestland

Assets
Bio-Physical
Identify Current Resource Assets and
how much is available land, water
bodies and watersheds, natural forests,
plantations, biodiversity resources, nature
based tourism assets, grazing, minerals,
grassland/ brushlands, cultivated
forestlands, etc (use thematic maps)

Forest and Forestland Assets

Bio-Physical
Determine the extent of these resources
and where these are located - (area) &
barangay locations.
(Overlay resource thematic maps and
barangay admin map)

FFL Assets by barangay

FFL Assets

Biodiversity assets

Watershed A
Watershed B
Watershed C
Watershed N
Total Land Area
- Forest lands
- A & D lands
Water bodies
- Rivers and creeks (kms.)
Natural Forests
- Upland (ha)
- Mangroves (ha)
Plantations
Water infrastructures
- irrigation (no.)
- domestic water reservoirs (no.)
- hydro power (no.)
Water production
- catchment areas (ha)
- irrigated areas (ha)
- springs (no.)

- proclaimed protected areas (ha)

- known habitats of endangered species
(ha. or no.)
- closed canopy forests (ha)
- mangrove forests (ha)
- identified endangered species (no. &
names)
Nature-based tourism assets
- caves (no.)
- water falls (no.)
- lakes (no.)
- other assets
Grasslands & brushlands
Forestland under cultivation
(perennial, agricultural)
Active mining areas and quarry
Other FFL assets

GROUP 2.
FORESTLAND ASSETS
COMMUNITY PROFILE

Community Profile

Population, growth rates, density

Household size
Migration
Income and sources
Major crops and livestock raised
Housing materials
Fuelwood sources
Wood based industries
Tenure status
Etc.

Community Profile
1. Finalize table on minimum community profile

NO
1.1.
1.2.
1.3.
1.4.
1.5.
1.6.
2.1.
2.2.
2.3.
2.4.
3.1.
3.2.
3.3.

Information
Total population
Total hh
Population density
Population growth rate
HH size
Migration rate
Average Income
Main income sources
Major crops cultivated
Main type of livestock
raised
Housing materials
Fuelwood sources
Wood
industries/business

Compari
Baranga son to
y1
FGD

Compari
Baranga son to
y2
FGD

Compari
Baranga son to
yN
FGD

SOURCE

Population Growth Simple Calculation

Population

Annual growth
Density in
rate in %
ha/ person
f = {{(d-c)/c}/no
(e = b/d)
of years}100

Total Area
in ha.
(b)

2000
(c)

2007***
(d)

Aglipay

24,084

21,774

25,069

0.96

2.1

Cabarroguis

18,220

25,814

28,024

0.65

1.23

Diffun

30,618

39,485

42,958

0.71

1.26

Maddela*

65,232

32,198

33,637

1.94

0.64

Nagtipunan**

160,740

17,027

20,443

7.86

2.87

6,824

12,217

13,479

0.50

1.47

305,718

150,515

163,610

1.86

1.24

Barangays
(a)

Saguday
TOTAL

Community Profile
2. Complete summary table of FGD discussion
QNO
1

2.1.
2.1.
2.2.
2.2.
2.2.
2.2.
2.3.
2.4.
2.5.
2.6.

3.1.
3.2.
3.3.
3.4.

4.1.
4.2.

Information

Barangay 1

Further comments/ % when

applicable

Sitio/Purok with FL

Location of remaining forest

Current condition of forest
20 years ago
10 years ago
5 years ago
Reasons for decrease/increase
Main timber species
NTFP
Widlife
Flora

Location of plantation forest

History of who, when, what was planted
Current condition reasons for decrease/increase
Current management, tenure, plans, utilization

Location and names of rivers and creek

Location and names of springs

GROUP 3.
FORESTLAND ASSETS
INSTITUTIONAL
PROFILE

Institutional Profile
Identify institutions and other stakeholders
involved in the management of FFL by virtue of
their mandates and interests in FFL
Identify their past and current activities in FFM,
their resources (organizational units, personnel,
and budgets), FFM skills
Assess if there are conflicts among stakeholders
and if there are mechanisms for stakeholders
collaboration in FFM.

Institutional Profile
institutions/
Stakeholders

DENR
PLGUs
MLGU
BLGU
POs
NGOs
others

Mandate/
interests

FFM
units/
Staff/
manpower

Funds/
Annual
Budget
on FFM

Past/
current
FFM
activities

FFM
Skills

Policies/
Plans
related to
FFM

Remarks
(any conflict
w/ other
stakeholders

Preparation
for Situational
Analysis

HOMEWORK
Preparation for analysis
Prior to Situational Analysis Mapping
Group will
1) Produce two derived maps:
Protection vs. Production Map
Water Production Area Map

2) Through map overlays fill three derived

tables:
1. current landuse in each management allocation
2. distribution of tenured/allocated areas
3. current landuse in open access area

3) When data available produce table to

show trends/changes in vegetative cover
esp forest cover

Protection vs Production
Map

Categorize forestlands into protection and production

forestlands based on agreed criteria.
>50% slope
>1000 masl
natural forests
hazard areas (buffer zone)
river easements (40m/20m)
springs (buffer zone)
catchments of water sources & springs (water
production area map)
lakes, caves, waterfalls (buffer zone)
rocky and naturally unproductive areas
PROTECTION vs PRODUCTION
MAP
WATER PRODUCTION AREA (WPA)
MAP

Land Use
in each Management Allocation

RESOURCE
ASSETS

Current Uses

TOTAL Natura Brus

AREA/ l
h
NO.
forests land

Plan Agro
Rice Corn
tatio forestr lands land
ns
y
s

Suga Gras
r
s
cane land

Rock Built
y
up

Othe
r
uses

A & D lands
Protected
areas

Forestlands
Protection
forestlands
Production
forestlands

Subtotal
Water prodn
catchments

Land
resources

Distribution of
Allocated/Tenured Areas
Total
Protection
(ha)

Total
Production
(ha)

Allocation

Brgy
1

Brgy
2

Brgy
N

PA

CBFMA

CSC

IFMA
etc

Grand Total Dominant land

(ha)
use

Forestland

Land Use in
Open Access Areas
Brgy1
Open access FFL

Total Area (ha)

Land Use
Natural forests

Upland

Mangrove

Brushland

Plantations

Perennial/Agroforestry
Rice lands

Corn lands

Sugar cane

Grass land

Rocky

Built up

Other uses

Brgy 2

BrgyN

Total

Trends in loss of forest

cover
other FFL assets*
Identify trends/changes in vegetative cover
(a) Prepare resource change map by overlaying resource
map in two time periods change can be calculated by
barangay;
(b) Key informant interviews and FGDs could be used also
to give indications of trends/ changes.
*when available

Trends in loss of forest

cover
other FFL assets
Vegetative cover change per barangay (ha)

Brgy1
FFL Assets

1987

Brgy2
loss/
gain

2003

1987

Total
loss/
gain

2003

1987

loss/
gain

2003

- in forestlands

- in A&D lands
Other FFL assets(no
vegetation))
*Include those that
available

Forest cover total

- Upland
- Mangroves
Forest cover in water
production catchments
Grasslands &
brushlands
Cultivated lands

Situational
Analysis
Guiding Questions

Map Overlays
Overlay Protection vs Production Map
with other themes as indicated
Consider Trends when information is
available
Support analysis with results from the
Community Profile/FGD to explain
Issues/Threats and Opportunities in each
USE OUTLINE FOR FLUP CHAPTER 2. TO
RECORD ANALYSIS

Threats/Issues in Protection
Water Production
Where are water sources? How are these
managed
What is the land use of catchment areas? Extent
of unsustainable practises on catchment areas?
What are the issues/conflicts in management?
(watershed/drainage map,
springs-micro catchment
areas/springs-lakes-falls-caves
map, settlement map, land use
map, FFL assets, FGD summary)

Threats/Issues in Protection
Natural Forests and Biodiversity
Where are forest areas? Is deforestation a
threat in the LGUs forestland? What are the
reasons? Forest based livelihoods? What are its
implications?
look at trends in cultivated areas in forestlands; number of
wood based industries and furniture makers, use of firewood
and wood for construction

Where are important biodiversity areas? How

current land use practises, population impacts
these? What are the issues/conflicts in
management?
(forest cover map, trends, land use map,
settlement map, infrastructure/road map,
FFL assets, FGD summary)

Threats/Issues in Protection
Other Environmental Assets (caves,
falls, lakes)
Where are other environmental assets
located? How are these managed? What
are threats to these areas?
- Accessibility
- Vandalism
- Wastes and pollution
(springs-lakes-falls-caves map,
land use map, infastructure/road
map, FFL assets, FGD summary)

Threats/Issues in Landuse
Land Use in Forestland
What is the current vegetative cover/land
use in forestland? How well this responds to
protection and production zones?
Where and what are the main issues?
(land use map, settlement map,
watershed map)

Threats/Issues in
Production
Plantations/Orchards/Perennial
Crops/Agriculture
Where are important production forest/agroforestry/agriculture areas? Where are areas
that are underutilised (brush
lands/grasslands)? What are the
issues/conflicts in management?
- Pests
- Fire
- Declining local interests in plantations
- Infertile soil
- Competing land uses
- Inaccessibility
(land use
map, settlement map,
- Low product
prices,
etc.
infrastructure/road
map,
FGD summary)

Threats/issues in
Production/Other Uses
Other Uses
Where are other areas that forestland
resources are being utilised (settlements,
mining, quarry, agro-industry etc.) What are
the issues/conflicts in management?
(land use map, mining map, infrastructure
map, FGD summary)

Threats/Issues in Protection
Hazard Areas
Have there been natural calamities in past
ten years?
Where are the hazardous areas located?
How are these linked to land use practises?
How are the upstream practises affecting
downstream communities?
How many people live in hazardous areas
(steep slopes, flood prones areas)? How
many people are in immediate danger?
(hazard map, land use map,
settlement map, watershed map,
FGD summary)

Users of Forestland Assets

Issues and Opportunities
Forestland occupants
How many people depend on forestland resources?
Who are they? What are their practices? What income
sources they depend on? How has their income
changed during the past years? What is estimated no
of hh are located in forestland?
Are social and infrastructure services reaching
forestland areas supporting or preventing
development? Where are the main issues?
Do they have tenure or rights for utilizing and
benefiting from land and resources? If they have what
are their capacities in managing these areas?
(land use map, infrastructure map,
community profile, tenure map,
institutional profile, FGD summary)

Allocation

Tenured
Where are tenured/allocated areas (protection vs
production)? What are the agreed plans for
management of these areas? Are tenured areas
managed as agreed? If not what prevents/supports
sustainable management?
Open Access
Where are open access areas located (protection vs
production)? What are the current land uses on these
areas? Are there settlements in these areas?
Tenured and Open Access
Where are the main areas of conflicts on boundary
(municipal and barangay level), claims, tenure rights,
absentee claimants/tenants, migration? How these are
handled?

Users of Forestland Assets

Issues and Opportunities
Other stakeholders
How interests of other forestland stakeholders (non
forestland occupants such as LGU, DENR, absentee
claimants, business, populations downstream) are
met in the current management/land use? How these
interests could be used to improve
management/productivity? How these could prevent
future interventions?
(land use map, community profile, tenure
map, institutional profile, FGD summary)

Summary Threats and

Opportunities
1. Issues/problems/ concerns

Declining natural forests?

Degraded watersheds/ water production areas?
Inadequate protection of biodiversity resources?
Declining wood resources?
Destruction of nature tourism assets?
Low productivity? Underutilized areas?
Inadequate institutional arrangements and capacity?

2. Opportunities for improved forest management

Potential areas for plantations

Eco-tourism potential
Interested investors
Available external support
Markets
Potentials for financing: PES
LGU support

Allocation of
Forestland

Open Access areas

1. have not been allocated for a certain use
or tenure arrangement.
2. tenured or allocated but abandoned or
not managed in accordance with agreed
management plans
The FLUP aims to bring these areas under
proper management. The areas without
official allocation can be
allocated/tenured.

Rationale for Land allocation

The resource managers can provide
effective and responsible on-site
management.
The allocation to on site managers will
provide the ultimate enforcement
mechanism as they exercise their
rights and privileges over the forest
and forestlands assigned to them.

Main Allocation Instruments

in Negros Oriental
NEGROS ORIENTAL

Forestland
Protected Area
CBFMA
IFMA
CSC
Tamlang Valley
Development
Co-Management

Untenured

Total hectares

281,390
12,127
25,800
3,000
9,200
23,000

74,222
134,031

Decision on Allocation
Since different types of tenure instruments
have varied purposes and uses, first it is
necessary to consider if areas to be
allocated are mainly under production or
protection areas.

Allocation of forestland
1. Allocation to communities
Community-based forest Management
Agreement (CBFMA)
Certificate of Ancestral Domain Titles (CADT)
Protected Area Community-Based Resource
Management Agreement (PACBRMA)

1. Allocation to
Communities
Typesof
allocation
instruments
Allocationto
communities

Protectedareas

Protection
forestlands

Production
forestlands

PACBRMA
CBFMA
CADT

Allocation of forestland
2. Allocation to Investors
Integrated forest Management Agreement (IFMA)
Socialized Industrial Forest Management Agreement
(SIFMA)
Small Scale Mining (permit)
Foreshore Lease
Fishpond Lease

2. Allocation to Investors
Typesof
allocation
instruments
Allocationto
private
investors

Protectedareas

Protection
forestlands

Production
forestlands
IFMA
SIFMA
OLP

Allocation of forestland
3. Allocation to Local Government Units
(LGUs)
Communal Forest
Community Watershed Areas
Co-Management Agreements

3. Allocation to LGU
Typesof
allocation
instruments
Allocationto
LGUs

Protectedareas

Protection
forestlands

Production
forestlands

Co-ManagementAgreement
Communal forest
Community
watersheds

Allocation of forest land

4. Allocation to address needs for public good
Declaration of watershed reservations,
biodiversity reserves, other protected areas
5. Allocation to other Government Agencies
Academic Research Agreement(ARA)
Land Grant (e.g. UP Los Banos (UPLB), granted
jurisdiction over the Mt. Makiling Forest Reserve.
Special programs of DENR to other
Government Agencies and private entities/also
possible under CMA

4. Allocation to address
needs
for Public Good
Typesof
allocation
instruments
Allocationto
address
needsfor
publicgoods

Protectedareas

Declarationaswatershed
reservations, biodiversity
reservesandother
protectedareas

Protection
forestlands

Production
forestlands

5. Allocation to Other
Government Agencies
Types of
allocation
instruments

Protected areas

Protection
forestlands

Production
forestlands

Allocation to
other government
agencies

Academic
research
agreement

Special programs and

agreements with universities
and other government
agenicies
Grants to government
corporations
Civil/ Military reservations

Decision on Allocation
STEPS FOR ALLOCATION
1.define critical allocation decision areas in forest
lands and indicate their location in maps
2.examine the decision areas, describe the problem,
identify and evaluate options and make
recommendations (the discussions and agreed
recommendations are to be documented)
3.evaluate the preliminary land allocation based on
environmental, legal, equity, economic and political
considerations
4.validate, refine and finalize the recommended
allocations, along with the map

DATA TO SUPPORT
DISCUSSION
Two tables* prepared by the mapping
team together with tenure map & landuse
map can be used during discussion
Further information available:

institutional profile (resources/capacities of current tenure holders)

agreements and plans/RMP of tenure holders
settlement map/hh locations
knowledge of participants on forestland claims

*1) Distribution of allocated areas, 2) Landuse in open access areas

Distribution of
Allocated/Tenured Areas
Total
Protection
(ha)

Total
Production
(ha)

Allocation

Brgy
1

Brgy
2

Brgy
N

PA

CBFMA

CSC

IFMA
etc

Grand Total Dominant land

(ha)
use

Forestland

Land Use in
Open Access Areas
Brgy1
Open access FFL

Total Area (ha)

Land Use
Natural forests

Upland

Mangrove

Brushland

Plantations

Perennial/Agroforestry
Rice lands

Corn lands

Sugar cane

Grass land

Rocky

Built up

Other uses

Brgy 2

BrgyN

Total

Decision on Allocation
There are four allocation decision areas
that should be examined, namely:
Unallocated FL with conflicting claims
Unallocated FL with one claimant
Unallocated forest lands without claims
Tenured forest lands without effective
management

Each allocation decision area as reflected

in the map should be examined separately.

Decision on Allocation
For tenured but unmanaged forest lands,
for example, some of the questions that
should be discussed are:
What is the existing tenure, who is the current tenure holder,
when is existing tenure instrument expiring?
Why is the area considered unmanaged
What are options to put the area under effective
management?
What are advantages and disadvantages of each option?
What measures should be taken to ensure effective area
management?

THANK YOU