HISTOLOGY OF NERVOUS

SYSTEM

dr. I Wayan Sugiritama,M.Kes

HISTOLOGY DEPARTMENT
MEDICAL FACULTY OF UDAYANA
UNIVERSITY

CONTENTS
Cells of nervous system
Synaptic communication
CNS and PNS and its associated
structure
Regeneration of nervous system

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CELLS OF NERVOUS
SYSTEM
NEURON

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NEUROGLIA

STRUCTURE OF NEURON
Principle cells of Nervous
Tissue
Consist of 3 parts :

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CELL BODY (perikaryon/soma)

A single AXON
Multiple DENDRITES

5-150 m

CELL BODY (PERIKARYON)

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Central portion of the cell

Generally are polygonal
Different shape and size
characteristic regions of
nervous system
Contain :
Nucleus
Perinuclear cytoplasm

ULTRASTRUCTURE OF NEURON
Nucleus :
large, spherical to
ovoid and centraly
located
a single prominent
nucleolus
finely dispersed
chromatin
trancriptionaly
active

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ULTRASTRUCTURE OF NEURON
Cytoplasm :
a.
b.
c.

d.
e.

Abundant of R.E.R
Polyribosomes
Basic dyes (a+b) Nissl
Bodies
lots of S.E.R.
Golgi bodies

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ULTRASTRUCTURE OF NEURON
Cytoplasm
a.

b.

c.

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Many mitochondria, most

abundant in axon
terminal
extensive cytoskeleton
axonal transport
One centriole do not
undergo cell divisions

DENDRITE AND AXON

AXON

DENDRITES

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Single process up to 100 cm

Originate from axon hillock
Devoid ribosome
Dilatation of distal portion
end bulbs synapse
conducting impulse away from
the soma
Axonal transport
Multiple elongated processes
Cytoplasmic~perikaryon
(devoid golgi complex)
Receiving stimuli
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NEURONS CLASSIFICATION :

According to the size and shape of the processes

(Dorsal root & cranial

nerve ganglia)
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(Pyramidal &
purkinje)
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NEURONS CLASSIFICATION :

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NEURON ORGANIZATION
CORTEX

Neuron form six layers on the cerrebrum

Form three layers on the cerrebellum

NUCLEI

In subcortical region (thalamus, midbrain,

brainstem and spinal cord) neuron form irregular
cluster nuclei

GANGLION

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Cluster of neuron outside the CNS

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SYNAPSES

Sites of impulse
transmission
Convert electrical signal
into chemical signal
Permit neurons to
communicate
Types of synapses :

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Axodentritic synapse
Axosomatic synapse
Axoaxonic synapse

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SYNAPS

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NEUROGLIAL CELLS
Metabolic and mechanical
support for neuron
10 times abundant than
neurons
Neuroglial cells undergo
mitosis
Classification :

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Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Ependymal Cells
Microglia
Schwan cells

CNS

PNS
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NEUROGLIAL CELLS

Astrocytes

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Pedicles binds to capillaries

and to the pia mater form
glial limitans
Controlling the ionic &
chemical environment of
neurons
Energy metabolism
Form cellular scar tissue
Form the blood-brain
barrier
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NEUROGLIAL CELLS
Oligodendrocytes
interfascicular

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Produce myelin sheath

(electrical insulation) in
CNS
A single cell wrap several
axons (40 to 50)
Form nodes of Ranvier

satellite

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NEUROGLIAL CELLS

Schwann cells

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Analogue to
Oligodendrocyte
Produce myelin
sheath in the PNS

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NEUROGLIAL CELLS
Microglia
Scattered throughout
the CNS
Clearing debris
Act as APC
Protect the CNS from
viruses and
microorganism

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NEUROGLIAL CELLS

Ependymal Cells

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Low columnar ciliated

epithelial cells line the
ventricles of the brain &
central canal spinal cord
Formation of choroid flexus
produce CSF
Facilitates the movement of
CSF

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NERVOUS SYSTEM
CENTRAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM (CNS)

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM (PNS)
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THE CNS

Consist of :

Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Spinal cord

No connective tissue soft,

gel like
When sectioned :

White matter
Gray matter

Covered
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by meninges
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CEREBRUM

GRAY MATTER

Contains neuronal cell

bodies, dendrites and
glial cells
Six layers composed of
neuron
Neuron (pyramidal):

WHITE MATTER

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Afferent (sensory)
Efferent (motor)

Contains myelinated
axons and myelinproducing
oligodendrocytes
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CEREBELLUM

GRAY MATTER

Three layers :

Outer molecular
layer
Central layer of
large Purkinje cells
Inner granule layer

WHITE MATTER

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The same as
cerebrum
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SPINAL CORD

GRAY MATTER
(CENTRAL)SHAPE OF
H

Central canal lined by

Ependymal cells

Legs of the H form :

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Anterior horns
Posterior horns

Neurons : large and

multipolar

WHITE MATTER
(PERIPHERAL)
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PNS

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Bundles of nerve fibers

(axons) outside the CNS &
surrounded by connective
tissue

Main component :
Peripheral nerves
Ganglia
Nerve endings
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NERVE FIBERS
Consist of axons
enveloped by a
special sheath
Group of fibers
constitute the
peripheral nerve
Two types :
Myelinated fiber
Unmyelinated fiber

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NERVE FIBERS

Myelinated fibers

Unmyelinated fibers

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A single Schwann cell

wraps around single axon
form myelin sheath
nodes of Ranvier
A single Schwann cell
envelopes several axon
Fibers enveloped within
simple clefts of Schwann
cells

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CONNECTIVE TISSUE INVESTMENTS

Epineureum

Perineureum

Dense con. Tissue

Layers of epithelioids
Isolates neural environment
(blood-nerve barrier)

Endoneureum

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Dense collagenous Con.

Tissue with thick elastic fiber
Prevent damage by
overstreching

Loose con. Tissue

Regulation of
microenvironment of
nerve fiber

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GANGLIA
Ovoid

structure containing neuronal cell

bodies, glial cells supported by connective
tissue
Function : Relay stations to transmit impulses
Types :

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Sensory ganglia
Autonomic ganglia

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DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA

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GANGLIA

Sensory Ganglia (cell bodies of

sensory neuron)
Unipolar cell bodies enveloped
by cuboidal capsule cells

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Cranial ganglia : Associated with

the cranial nerve
Spinal ganglia : Associated with
the spinal nerve

Autonomic Ganglia (cell bodies

of postganglionic autonomic
nerves)
Multipolar neuron enveloped
by satellite cells
Some are located within
certain organ (intramural)
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FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF NERVES

Sensory nerve fibers

Motor nerve fibers

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Carry sensory input from

the cutaneus/ viscera
area to CNS
Originate in the CNS
carry motor impulses to
the effector organs

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MENINGES

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The dura mater

dense, collagenous
connective tissue
The arachnoid layer:
fibroblasts, collagen &
elastic fibers
Layer in contact with
dura mater & a system
of trabeculae
Form arachnoid villi
The pia mater
Loose con. Tissue with
blood vessel
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BLOOB-BRAIN BARRIER

Endothelial of capillary

Occluding junction
No fenestration

permeability

Expansions of Astrocytes
cell processes that envelope
the capillary
Prevents the passage of
substances (bacterial, toxic,
Chemical) from blood to
nerve tissue

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CHOROID FLEXUS

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Choroid flexus consist of

loose conn. tissue of the
pia matter, covered by a
low columnar epith.
ion transporting cells
Elaborate CSF fill the
ventricles subarachnoid
space (arachnoid
villi)venous
CSF metabolism and
protective of CNS

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CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
Composition
clear,
low density & protein
content
High Na, K, Cl
Function
Metabolic
Liquid cushion
Blood-CSF

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barrier

Zonulae occludents
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REFFERENCES
Color

Textbook Histology, third

edition, leslie P. Gartner

Basic Histology, tenth edition, L. Carlos

Junqueira,2003
Histology and Cell Biology, second edition,2007
Elseviers Integrated Histology,2007

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