Lecture Series 2

Radiation Heat Transfer

Lecture Outline
I. Importance of Radiation in SENA Equipment
II. Radiation Fundamentals

III. Radiation Heat Transfer Equations

IV. Bus Bar Example Problem
V. Practical Design Notes/Reference Material
VI. Final Questions

Why Is Radiation Important In SENA Design?

Orion 125 3000A SWBD

CB Line Term w/ Paint

CB Line Bus w/ Paint

16 of 29 TCs exceeded UL limits--the max rise was 74.8C

After paint, 2 of 29 TCs exceeded UL limits--the max rise was 66.1C
One TC dropped by 10C and 16 other TCs dropped about 6C

Why?

Fundamentals
Radiation Heat Transfer: The transfer of heat by thermal radiation.
Thermal radiation is a specific range of electromagnetic waves (or photons)
which occur solely due to temperature.
Unlike conduction and convection, radiation does not require a medium
to take place, therefore it can occur in a vacuum.
Electromagnetic Wave Spectrum:

Visible

X rays

Infrared

Ultraviolet
Gamma rays

Microwave
Thermal Radiation

10-5

10-4

10-3

10-2

10-1
0.4

10

0.7

Wavelength , m
Thermal Radiation Range: 0.1 to 100 micrometers wavelength
(3x1015 to 3x1012 Hz)
Only a portion of thermal radiation is in the visible range

102

103

104

Fundamentals
Plancks Distribution: Spectral Blackbody Emissive Power
1. Plancks Law (derived from the
2nd Law of Thermodynamics)
describes the maximum amount of
radiant energy that can be emitted
at a given temperature and
wavelength (Blackbody).

S pectral E m issive P ower (W/m

2-)
m

2. As the temperature increases,

more radiation appears at shorter
wavelengths
300

3. Below 800K (527C) all the

radiation is in the infrared range
and invisible to the eye (all SENA
products)

250
200
150
100
50
0
0

10

15

20

25

30

35

150

200

Wave Length ( m)
Ts = 50 degree C

75

100

40

4. Solar radiation is at 5800K which

peaks in the visible light range

Fundamentals
Stefan-Boltzmann Law:
Eblackbody -- the total emissive power or heat flux(W/m2)
4
Eblackbody n 2Tsurf

n -- the index of refraction (=1 vacuum,~1 gases, =1.5

for glass)
-- the Stefan-Boltzmann Constant (5.67x10-8 W/m2 K4)
Tsurf -- the surface temperature of black body (Kelvin)

Important Notes:
All objects above 0 Kelvin emit thermal radiation
The amount of energy emitted is based on temperature (K) to the 4th power
At higher and higher temperatures, radiation heat transfer becomes more and
more significant and can be the dominant form of heat transfer.

Fundamentals

All real surfaces absorb and emit less heat flux than a blackbody.

E T

4
s

E d E d
b

E d

Ts4

= radiative property called emissivity or emittance

Def: Total emissivity is the ratio of emissive power of the surface to that of a
blackbody (note: surface property only)--% of the maximum amount of emitted
heat flux.
0 1, depends on the surface conditions (roughness, finish, plating,
oxidation, paint, etc.)
Three types: directional, spectral (wavelength), or total (all)
Important Notes:
For hand calculations or CFD, use the total emissivity!
For IR Thermography one must use the spectral emissivity in the IR range of
the IR camera
Total emissivity Normal emissivity (except for highly polished surfaces)

Fundamentals

Measured total emissivity of common SENA materials.

MATERIALS
Silver Flash Cu
Tin Plated Cu
Matte Tin Cu
Blackened Matte Tin Cu
Glastic
Painted Steel
Grey Painted Steel
White Painted Steel
Galvanized Steel
Alkaline Matte Tin plating Al
Acid Matte tin plating Al
Bright acid tin plating Al
Painted Al

TOTAL EMISSIVITY
0.03
0.06
0.22
0.53
0.8
0.87
0.86
0.88
0.06
0.08
0.08
0.06
0.82

Fundamentals
Irradiation: Total amount of radiation that is incident on a surface (G--W/m2)
Gtotal

Gtotal Gtrans Gref Gabs G G G

Gref
Gabs

For most engineering problems, surfaces are opaque ( = 0).

Gtrans

G d
0

G d
0

absorptivity or absorptance (0 1): depends on surface conditions

(roughness, finish, plating, oxidation, paint, etc.) and the irradiation, G.
Def: Absorptivity () = ratio of absorbed radiation to incident radiation. (note:
depends on surface and nature of incident radiation)
Three types: directional, spectral (wavelength), or total (all)
Absorptivity table values are typically described by the irradiation (ex. solar
absorptivity, low temperature absorptivity, etc.)

Fundamentals

In engineering, we assume =
Kirchhoffs Law: blackbody -- =
Graybody Assumption extends Kirchhoffs Law to real surfaces
4
4
Qtotal Tsurf
G Tsurf 2

Important Notes:
when the surface emittance and the irradiation lie in different
wavelength ranges.
Solar heating! Gsolar is concentrated between 0.2 and 3 microns where as
the emitted radiation range of SENA equipment is 2 ESENA 100 microns

Total solar absorptivity of common SENA materials.

MATERIALS
Black Epoxy Paint
Gray Epoxy Paint
White Epoxy Paint
Galvanized Steel
Aluminum 6061

TOTAL ABSORPTIVITY
0.96
0.75
0.25
0.65
0.37

s /
1.1
0.9
0.3
5.0
12.3

Fundamentals

Other Radiation Terms

Intensity = amount of energy that departs a surface (information about
directional distribution)
Radiosity = total amount of energy that departs a surface (reflected +
emitted).
Directional = depends on direction
Hemispherical = all directions
Diffuse = independent of direction
Normal = perpendicular to surface
Spectral = wavelength dependent
Monochromatic = one wavelength
Total = all wavelengths, all directions

Radiation Heat Transfer Equations

4
4
Qrad Asurf (Tsurf
Tsurr
)

From a surface to its surroundings

Qrad is the net heat transferred between the surface and the surroundings
or surface 1 to surface 2 in watts
is the emissivity of the surface (unitless).
is the Stefan-Boltzmann Constant = 5.67x10-8 W/m2 K4

Qrad 12 Asurff1 2 (T14 T24 )

Between two surfaces

f1-2 is the view factor from surface 1 to surface 2 (unitless).

Radiation Heat Transfer in terms of a heat transfer coefficient
2
2
Qrad hrad Asurf (Tsurf Tsurr ) hrad (Tsurf Tsurr )(Tsurf
Tsurr
)

hrad is the radiation heat transfer coefficient and has the units (W/m 2-K).

Radiation Heat Transfer Equations

Qrad
Qconv

Ts=105C=378K

18.00

n 1

n 1

I 2 R qconv1 qrad 1 qconv 2 qrad 2

I 2 R 2hconv As (Ts T ) 2hrad As (Ts T )
Rad,Painted E=.87
Rad,Black Matte Tin E=.53

16.00

I 2 R 2(hconv hrad ) As (Ts T )

Free Conv
Rad,Matte Tin E=.22

14.00

Rad,Tin-plated E=.06
12.00

I W

10.00
8.00
6.00

2t (hconv hrad )T
Cu @105C

2
2
hrad (Tsurf Tsurr )(Tsurf
Tsurr
)

2.00
0.00
95

105 115 125 150 175 200 250 300

Bus Bar Surface Tem perature (C)

85

4.00

k
0.387 Ra1/ 6
L

0.825

L
[1 (0.492 / Pr) 9 /16 ]8 / 27

Heat Transfer Coefficicient (W/m2K)

E gen - E out 0

T=50C=323K
L = 20
W = 2
t = .25

E in E gen - E out Est E st

t
n 1
n 1
n 1

conv

As

Steady-state
Adiabatic at the ends
Negligible q at top and bot
Cu matl negligible temp
gradient through thickness

Radiation Heat Transfer Current Ampacity Improvement

Qrad

I W

2t ( hconv hrad )T
Cu @105C

Steady-state
Adiabatic at the ends
Negligible q at top and bot
Cu matl negligible temp
gradient through thickness

Qconv

Ts=105C=378K
L=20

As

T=50C=323K

W=2

hconv = 5.1 W/m2K

Iconv = 631 A

tin= 0.06
hrad-tin= 0.59 W/m2K

Iconv+rad-tin = 666A

paint= 0.87
hrad-paint= 8.55 W/m2K

Iconv+rad-paint = 1032 A

t=.25
Cu@105C = 2.31x10-8 -m

55% increase in current capacity over tin

coating

Method of Solving A Solar Radiation Application

1. Determine the equipment orientation and location
2. Use on-line calculator to determine solar irradiation on
a surface

3. Determine the solar absorbtivity of the surface

4. Multiply the solar absorptivity by the solar irradiation to
obtain the total heat flux absorbed on each surface
5. Include heat flux in the energy balance equation or as a heat load in
your thermal analysis software N
N
N

E
n 1

One surface of enclosure

in

E gen - E out Est E st

t
n 1
n 1

(G ) solar Asurf hconv Asurf T hrad Asurf T 0

Practical Radiation Considerations For Design

1. All SENA products emit thermal radiation!
2. For all indoor SENA equipment the radiation is in the infrared range and
invisible to the eye.
3. For engineering calculations or CFD, use the total emissivity!

4. To increase radiative heat transfer and reduce temperature use dull,

painted, or oxidized type surfaces rather than polished or shiny surfaces.
5. For outdoor SENA equipment solar loading is important ( ) . Small
values of the ratio of / ( less than 1) are required for external enclosure
surfaces (the surface absorbs less than emits).
6. How well a hot object can see a cool surface that it is radiating to, will
determine how much heat will be radiated!
7. For forced convection applications radiation effects are usually minimal.
8. For natural convection in vented enclosures radiation CAN be significant.
9. For natural convection in non-vented enclosures, radiation is very critical!

Radiation Reference Material

1. Introduction To Heat Transfer, F. P. Incropera, and D. P. DeWitt, 2nd ed.,
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1990
2. Radiative Heat Transfer, M. F. Modest, McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1993
3. Handbook of Heat Transfer, W. Rohsenow, J. Hartnett, Y.
Cho, 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill, 1998
4. Heat Transfer, J. Holman, 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill, 1997

5. Radiation Heat Transfer, E. Sparrow, R. Cess, Augmented

Edition, Hemisphere Publishing, 1978
6. Thermal Radiation Heat Transfer, R. Siegel, J. Howell,
Augmented ed., Hemisphere Publishing, 1981
7. Heat Transfer & Fluid Flow Data Book I, Genium Publishing Corp.
8. Heat Transfer & Fluid Flow Data Book II, Genium Publishing Corp.

9. http://www.tak2000.com/tc/prop2.htm
10. http://www.electro-optical.com/bb_rad/emissivity/matlemisivty.htm

Questions?