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turn up
Temperature
the heat but first you
must learn how to
measure it
672R
32F
492R
0
F
460R
-460F
0R
Metric
Celsius (C) / Kelvin
(K)
+/- 273
100C
373K
0C
273K
-18C
255K
-273C
0K
Fahrenheit
[F] = [C] 9/5 +
32
Celsius
[C] = ([F] 32)
5/9
Kelvin
[K] = [C] +
273.15
Rankine
[R] = [F] +
459.67
1. Thermocouples
2. Thermistors
3. Electrical resistance change (RTD)
4. Pyrometers
5. Expansion of materials
Filled Systems
This expansion/contraction is
translated into a mechanical motion.
Filled Systems
The filled-system type of measurement is generally used for local indication or for
temperature sensing in self-actuated temperature control valves.
Its use has decreased over the years, but there are still some applications for it.
It needs no power to function and is simple, rugged, self-contained, and accurate over
narrow temperature spans.
However, the units bulb may be too large to fit existing applications, and if the filled
system fails, the whole system must be replaced, which is expensive.
In addition, the capillary tubing is generally limited to a distance of 250 ft. (80 m), and
the filled system as a whole is slow to respond and relatively expensive.
Finally, the bulb must be sufficiently immersed to ensure that the actual temperature is
being measured.
Bimetallic
Bimetallic
The bimetallic method of measurement is generally used in local temperature gages and
switches.
If vibration exists, the plant may have to fill the thermometer with a dampening fluid that
is compatible with the process fluid, in case of leakage.
The bimetallic has a simple construction and few moving parts and requires little
maintenance.
Its cost is the lowest of all temperature-measuring devices. However, its accuracy is low,
and it provides no remote indication.
Thermoc ouples
Seebeck Effect:
The generation of
current in a circuit
comprising of two wires
of dissimilar metals in
the presence of
temperature difference
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Thermocouple Types
TCs are identified by a single letter type and grouped according to their
temperature range
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Metal Combinations
TC
Type
Colours
Range C
Positive Lead
(Coloured)
Negative Lead
(all Red)
White/Red
Constantan
Purple/Red
-270 to1000
Chromel
Constantan
Blue/Red
0 to 400
Copper
Constantan
Yellow/Red
-270 to1372
Chromel
Alumel
Black/Red
-50 to 1768
Platinum-13%
rhodium
Platinum
Black/Red
-50 to 1768
Platinum-10%
rhodium
Platinum
Grey/Red
0 to 1700
Platinum-30%
rhodium
Platinum-6% rhodium
WhiteRed/Red
0 to 2320
Tungsten/5%
rhenium
Chromel = Nickel-chromium
Alumel = Nickel-aluminum
Constantan = Copper-nickel
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Thermocouple Tables
0.000 0.039 0.078 0.117 0.156 0.195 0.234 0.273 0.312 0.352
10
0.391 0.431 0.470 0.510 0.549 0.589 0.629 0.669 0.709 0.749
20
0.790 0.830 0.870 0.911 0.951 0.992 1.033 1.074 1.114 1.155
30
1.196 1.238 1.279 1.320 1.362 1.403 1.445 1.486 1.528 1.570
40
1.612 1.654 1.696 1.738 1.780 1.823 1.865 1.908 1.950 1.993
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Thermocouple
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Thermocouple
They are also inexpensive (half the price of an RTD), come in a wide choice of physical
forms, and provide a wide temperature range. In addition, they can be calibrated to
generate a specific curve (for an extra cost) and are easy to interchange.
They provide a fast response and measurement at one specific point. The typical
response time of a bare T/C is from 0.2 to 12 seconds.
Whereas RTDs average the temperature over their element, T/Cs measure the
temperature at their tip only and are thus faster. However, T/Cs generate a nonlinear
output and a low voltage.
The accuracy of T/Cs varies with temperature. Therefore, plants must assess the T/C's
accuracy at the operating temperature to determine whether it is acceptable.
T/Cs require a reference junction, have low sensitivity, are limited in accuracy, and need
type matching extension wires.
In addition, they are subject to deterioration from adverse conditions, usage, and time;
are susceptible to stray electrical signals; and require amplifying electronics.
However, the units electronics can identify T/C failure as being either an upscale or
downscale indication.
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The most common RTD element is 100 at 0C platinum; nickel is generally the second
choice.
The RTD is an accurate sensor that theoretically could measure a temperature change of
0.00002F (0.00001C).
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Thermistors
Thermistor, a word formed by combining thermal with resistor, is
a temperature-sensitive resistor fabricated from semiconducting
materials.
The resistance of thermistors decreases proportionally with
increases in temperature.
The operating range can be -200C to + 1000C
20
Thermistors
The thermistors can be in the shape of a rod, bead
or disc.
iron, cobalt,
metals.
21
magnesium,
titanium
and
other
Thermistors
sensitive
22
Thermistor Charts
Resistance to Temperature Conversion
23
Thermistors
Advantages:
Low cost
Disadvantages:
Very fragile
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Pyrometer
Pyrometry is based on the principle that all objects emit radiant energy in the
form of electromagnetic waves. Red hot means that the radiant energy is in
the visible light portion of the spectrum.
Pyrometers measure the temperature of an object by measuring the intensity of
the emitted radiation (visible or non-visible).
A black body is considered as the perfect emitter and is commonly used as a
standard when calibrating pyrometers.
The two most common pyrometric techniques are radiation and optical.
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Radiation Pyrometer
In radiation Pyrometry, the radiation from a hot surface is measured when it is focused on a T/C.
The measured temperature is directly proportional to the heat radiated and therefore its temperature (if the
emissivity is known).
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Optical Pyrometer
basic principle of using the human eye to match the brightness of
the hot object to the brightness of a calibrated lamp filament inside
the instrument
Compare incident radiation to internal filament radiation
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Pyrometer
Pyrometry is used for noncontact measurement where the point to be measured is out of reach (such as a
moving target or an inaccessible target).
It is also used to measure the average temperature of a very large target, or if the temperature is too high (such
as with molten metal).
Pyrometers may be portable, and they have a high response speed of a few milliseconds. For industrial-type
meters, a one- to two-second response time is common.
Pyrometers are relatively expensive.
In addition, errors can be introduced in pyrometers through condensation on the window or lens, smoke or
fumes in the atmosphere, gases such as products of combustion, or dirt on the optical system.
For fixed units, a special housing may be required to protect units that are subject to extremely high
surrounding temperatures (e.g., cast aluminum jackets to accommodate coolants). Special housings may also
be needed to meet production needs (e.g. water cleaning, sprays, etc.) or to protect units from cold winters
(where heat tracing may be required).
Pyrometers may require the use of focusing devices, such as sighting telescopes, alignment tubes, and aiming
flanges.
They may also require the use of safety shutters to safeguard the lenses and motorized bases to redirect the
instruments position.
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