01 - Ethernet TCPIP - v5.1

Ethernet TCP/IP Overview
Basic Ethernet Technologies
Introduction to Ethernet
Communications
What is Ethernet
Layers in the TCP/IP Model
Network Architectures & Topologies
Physical Support
Ethernet Protocols and Services
Summary
Schneider Electric - Ethernet TCP/IP Overview
What is Ethernet?
Invented in 1973-1975 by Xerox
Complex networking technology that defines wiring and signaling
standards for the physical layer through the means of the data link
layer and a common addressing format (IP address)
Standardized as IEEE 802.3
Allows computers and equipment to communicate to one another over
a common medium for Local Area Networks
Term derived from the combination of the Greek word aether (to
burn/shine/disperse) and network
CSMA/CD
Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision
Detection
Ethernet originally made the use of a shared co-axial cable to network
Prone to collision problems
Governs the way computers share information on the same channel

Following procedure was used when a computer needed to transmit
information
Main procedure/Algorithm
Frame ready for transmission
Is medium idle? If not, wait until it becomes ready and wait the interframe gap
period (9.6 s in 10 Mbit/s Ethernet)
Start transmitting
Does a collision occur? If so, go to collision detected procedure
End successful transmission
CSMA/CD
Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision
Detection
Collision detected procedure
Continue transmission until minimum packet time is reached (jam
signal) to ensure that all receivers detect the collision
Is maximum number of transmission attempts reached? If so, abort
transmission.
Calculate and wait random back off period
Re-enter main procedure at stage 1
Types of Transmission
Simplex transmission: one-way
Half duplex transmission: alternating two-way
Full duplex transmission: simultaneous two-way
MAC Address
Media Access Control Address
A unique identifier attached to most network adapters (NICs)
A number that acts like a name for a particular network adapter
The network cards (or built-in network adapters) in two different
computers will have different names, or MAC addresses, as would
an Ethernet adapter and a wireless adapter in the same computer,
and as would multiple network cards in a router.
However, it is possible to change the MAC address on most of
today's hardware.
Example: MAC Address = 00-14-A5-60-A4-96
MAC Address
Ethernet Header
Number of bytes : 8
20
46 to 1500
4
FCS Check
TCP
IP
LLC (Type)
MAC
Source
MAC
Destination
Preamble
Ethernet header
20
Applications:
HTTP, IEC 61850, Modbus TCP, etc
Data
CRC
@ IP = network address
Format des trames
Size of the frames (with prambule) :

minimal : 72 octets (46 octets of DATA)
maximal : 1526 octets
26 octets for the protocol
Format of the frames

Flow direction of octets
First : first octet of prambule
last : last octet of the control sequence
Flow direction of bits for one octet

First : less significant bit (bit 0)
last : most significant bit (bit 7)
Time between frames : 9.6 s minimum

10 Mbits/s = 10 bits / s
Time between frame 9.6 s --> 9.6 x 10 = 96 bits time (12 octets)
10
Different field of the frame

Prambule
7 octets: synchronisation
7 * (10101010)
SFD (Start Frame Delimiter)

1 octet: 10101011
Start the begining of the frame
Destination Address
unique address of a station (unicast)
or group of stations address (multicast)
or all stations address (broadcast)
source Address
physical adresse of the sending station
11
Les diffrents champs de la trame

Size of the data zone (spcifique 802.3)
between 1 et 1500 octets
or Type of protocol (specifique Ethernet)

Valeur 0x0600 (=1536)
Data + padding
size 1500 octets
size 46 octets
padding (octets sans signification)
when less of 46 octets of data to send
FCS : Frame Control Sequence

4 octets of control : CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check)
Polynme de degr 32, for the fields :
addresses (destination and source)
size of the data zone
data + padding
12
Diffrent field of the frame

field "type" in the frame Ethernet
2 octets in hxadcimal format XX-YY ou XXYY
field types known
0800 IP
0806 ARP
6000 6009 DEC (6004 LAT)
8019 DOMAIN (Apollo)
8038 DEC LANBridge management
88B8 IEC 61850 GOOSE
Or
field size" in the frame IEEE802.3
all the number of protocols are higher than the maximum size of the
data zone in a frame (1500)
a station can identify the frames
if value > 1500 frame Ethernet
if not frame IEEE802.3
13
the Addresses MAC

Addresse MAC = 6 octets (48 bits)
Unicast :
first bit (sent) = 0
--> 1er octet of @ is even :
08:00:20:06:D4:E8
00:00:0C:00:5B:37
2nd bit (sent) = 0 shows a universal address (given by IEEE)
1er octet = x0, x1, x4, x5, x8, x9, xC, xD ...
Multicast :
first bit (sent) =1 ---> 1er octet of @ is odd :
Shows a group of stations :
09-00-2B-00-00-0F protocol LAT de DEC
09-00-2B-01-00-00 LANbridge (pont) de DEC
14
Les Adresses MAC

Broadcast = diffusion = FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF
All the stations of a network (all segments)
IEEE has given sections of addresses to the manufacturers:

The 3 first octets show the origine of the device
00:00:0C:XX:XX:XX : Cisco
08:00:20:XX:XX:XX : Sun
08:00:09:XX:XX:XX : HP
08:00:14:XX:XX:XX : Excelan
But there are addresses "non IEEE" :
AA:00:04:XX:XX:XX: DEC
the adresses Ethernet and IEEE802.3 are uniques

ETHERNET dont know adresses IP !!!
15
IP address version 4 (IPv4)

IPv4 is a best effort delivery protocol because it
Does not guarantee delivery
Does not ensure packets will arrive in the correct order
Does not check for duplicate packet delivery
Has 232 possible addresses (around 4.2 billion)

Will run out of address by 2010 or 2011
10
194
30
00001010
11000010
00000001
00011110
1 byte
1 byte
1 byte
1 byte
NetID
HostID
Network
Equipment
16
SubnetMask
3 classes of networks
Class A
Class B
Class C
31
netID
31
Class B
Class C
hostID
26
netID
31
Min Value
Class A
24
netID
Max Value
hostID
Possible # of
Networks
Max # of devices
per Network
hostID
Typical Use
0.0.0.0
126.255.255.255
126
16777214
Large networks
128.0.0.0
191.255.255.255
16384
65534
Big organizations
192.0.0.0
223.255.255.255
2097152
254
Small networks
17
Ladressage IP
24
31
CLASSE A
Class A: larger Host ID = local network bigger
netid
hostid
16
31
CLASSE B
10
hostid
netid
31
CLASSE C
110
netid
hostid
31
CLASSE D
1110
Multicast et usages spciaux
Classe
Val. Min.
octet 1
Val. Max.
octet 1
Nombre max.
rseaux
Nombre max.
stations
Usage
126
126
16 777 214
Grands
rseaux
128
191
16 384
65 534
Grosses
organisations
192
223
2 097 152
254
Petits
rseaux
224
231
Multicast et usages spciaux
239
254
Rserv usage ultrieur (ou priv)
18
SubnetMask
Ex: Extraction of Network Address
IP Address
10
194
30
Subnet Mask
255
255
255
IP Address
00001010
11000010
00000001
00011110
AND
Subnet Mask
11111111
11111111
11111111
00000000
00001010
11000010
00000001
00000000
10
194
0
19
adresses IP subneting
255
255
254
Src IP
10
194
138
Dst IP
10
194
27
11111111 11111111 11111110 00000000

00001010 11000010 00000100 10001010
00001010 11000010 00000101 00011011
same subnet => frame sent directly to destination

Src IP
10
194
138
Dst IP
10
194
27
11111111 11111111 11111110 00000000

00001010 11000010 00000100 10001010
00001010 11000010 00000110
00011011
other subnet => frame sent directly to routeur

20
Ladressage IP
particular Case
0.0.0.0 no adress
127.0.0.1 itself (loopback, localhost)
all bits of hostid at 0 : the network
all bits of hostid at 1 : all the devices of the network (broadcast)
Private networks : usefull adresses free to use for internal network no
connected directly to Internet (connection possible via a proxy )
10.0.0.0 10.255.255.255 (10/8)
172.16.0.0 172.31.255.255 (172.16/12)
192.168.0.0 192.168.255.255 (192.168/16)
Adresses automatic (no routables)

169.154.0.0 169.154.255.255 (169.154/16)
21
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)

Ethernet only knows adresses MAC
ARP allows to change IP address to a MAC address
Principle
the station source sends a request in broadcast mode at level MAC who
has address (IP) x.y.z.t ?
The station concerned answers it is me that is my address MAC
The association IP/MAC is stored in a cache ARP
Each inputof this cache is erased after 30s to 2mn
ARP allows to detect / prevent the double adress IP

At the begining, the device sends a request ARP with its own adress
(Gratuitous ARP)
Normaly this request must stay without any answer
RARP (reverse ARP) ralise la fonction inverse
22
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

Method for finding a host's hardware address based on its network
layer address.
It is possible to view a list of all addresses registered in the ARP table
by using the ARP a command in the DOS command prompt
23
ARP (continued)
ARP is used in four cases when two hosts are communicating
1 Two hosts are on the same network and one sends a packet to the other
1.
2.
2 Two hosts are on different networks and must use a gateway to reach each
other
3 A router needs to forward a packet from a host through another router
3.
4.
4 A router needs to forward a packet from a host to another host on the same
network
The last three cases are mostly used over the Internet as two
computers on the internet are typically separated by more than 3
hops.
Imagine computer A sends a packet to computer D and there are two
routers, B & C, between them
Case 2 covers A sending to D
Case 3 covers B sending to C
Case 4 covers C sending to D
24
automatic allocation of adress IP

BOOTP: Boot Protocol
DHCP: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
Certains quipements ne possdent pas dadresse IP pr attribue

Incapacit de la stocker
Optimisation de la gestion des adresses
BOOTP permet un quipement de rcuprer une adresse IP auprs

dun serveur
DHCP est une volution de BOOTP (mmes trames)
Principe
La station met une requte en broadcast de niveau MAC qui peut me
donner une adresse IP ?
Le serveur du rseau rpond en indiquant ladresse attribue
soit partir dune table dassociation MAC/IP prconfigure
soit par allocation dynamique (DHCP)
Ladresse gateway est aussi communique par le serveur
La rfrence dun fichier de paramtres peut-tre donne
25
Attribution automatique dadresse IP

Schneider Electric workstations are configured to obtain an IP
address automatically from the network
26
IP Address version 6 (IPv6)

IPv6 has been designed to replace IPv4 in the future
Originally planned for 2010 or 2011
Has been very slow to adopt
128
Has 2
possible addresses (around 3.4 10 )

38
510 28 for every person in the world

4.5 1014 for every visible star in the known universe
0010 : 2a8c : 003b : 90ad : 0cb7 : 0000 : 0000 : 1004

10 : 2a8c : 3b : 90ad : cb7 : 0000 : 0000 : 1004
10 : 2a8c : 3b : 90ad : cb7 : : 1004
27
IPv6 Networks
Networks are written in CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing)
notation
0010 : 2a8c : 003b : : / 48
0010 : 2a8c : 003b : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000

0010 : 2a8c : 003b : ffff : ffff : ffff : ffff : ffff
28
Mapping IPv4 to IPv6

The first 80 bits are set to 0
The next 16 bits are set to 1
The last 32 bits is the IPv4 address
10
194
30
0000 1010 1100 0010 0000 0001 0001 1110

0
: : ffff : 0ac2 : 011e
29
Communications
What is Ethernet
Physical Support
Summary
30
Open System Interconnection OSI

7 Layer Architecture
SOFTWARE
HARDWARE
APPLICATION LAYER
HTTP, SMTP, SNMP, FTP,

Modbus, IEC 61850, DNP
PRESENTATION
LAYER
XDR, ASN.1, SMB, AFP,

NCP
SESSION LAYER
ASAP, TLS, SSL, ISO 8327 /

CCITT X.225, RPC,
NetBIOS, ASP
TRANSPORT LAYER
TCP, UDP, RTP, SCTP, SPX,

ATP
NETWORK LAYER
IP, ICMP, IGMP, IPX, OSPF,

RIP,ARP
DATA LINK LAYER
Ethernet, Token ring, STP,

Frame relay, ISDN, ATM,
802.11 WiFi
PHYSICAL LAYER
10BASE-T, 100BASE-T,
1000BASE-T, various
802.11 physical layers
31
APPLICATION LAYER
Layer 7: Application layer
PRESENTATION LAYER
SESSION LAYER
TRANSPORT LAYER
NETWORK LAYER
DATA LINK LAYER
PHYSICAL LAYER
It interfaces directly to and performs common application services for

the application processes
Issues requests to the presentation layer.
The common application layer services provide semantic (language)
conversion between associated application processes.
Note: Examples of common application services of general interest include
the virtual file, virtual terminal, and job transfer and manipulation protocols.
The application layer of the four layer and five layer TCP/IP models
corresponds to the application layer, the presentation layer and session
layer in the seven layer OSI models.
32
APPLICATION LAYER
Layer 6: Presentation layer
PRESENTATION LAYER
SESSION LAYER
TRANSPORT LAYER
NETWORK LAYER
DATA LINK LAYER
PHYSICAL LAYER
Transforms data to provide a standard interface for the Application

layer. MIME encoding, data encryption and similar manipulation of the
presentation is done at this layer to present the data as a service or
protocol developer sees fit.
Examples:
Converting an EBCDIC-coded text file to an ASCII-coded file
Serializing objects and other data structures into and out of XML
33
APPLICATION LAYER
Layer 5: Session layer
PRESENTATION LAYER
SESSION LAYER
TRANSPORT LAYER
NETWORK LAYER
DATA LINK LAYER
PHYSICAL LAYER
Controls the dialogues/connections (sessions) between computers

Establishes, manages and terminates the connections between the
local and remote application.
It provides for either full-duplex or half-duplex operation, and
establishes checkpointing, adjournment, termination, and restart
procedures.
This layer is responsible for "graceful close" of sessions, which is a
property of TCP, and also for session checkpointing and recovery,
which is not usually used in the Internet protocols suite.
34
APPLICATION LAYER
Layer 4: Transport layer
PRESENTATION LAYER
SESSION LAYER
TRANSPORT LAYER
NETWORK LAYER
DATA LINK LAYER
PHYSICAL LAYER
Provides transparent transfer of data between end users

Controls the reliability of a given link through flow control,
segmentation/de-segmentation, and error control
Some protocols are state and connection oriented. This means that the
transport layer can keep track of the packets and retransmit those that
fail.
Example:
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). The transport layer is the layer that
converts messages into TCP segments or User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
Analogy:
Post Office, which deals with the dispatching and classification of mail and
parcels sent.
35
Couche Transport
Ports
Just as every IP device has an IP address each service on
Ethernet has a port address.
The port address is needed to allow a end devices network stack
to pass the correct data to the correct application.
Ports allow a single Ethernet stack can handle data for many
different applications at the same time.
The port used by the source device to send the data is assigned
randomly from a pool.
The destination port that the data is sent to is defined for each
Ethernet service.
Some protocols are assigned well known numbers like FTP,
HTTP, Modbus
Other protocols take a socket from the available pool - this
does not guarantee compatibility across different networks and
systems.
36
Couche Transport
Ports (cont.)
The port numbers are divided into three ranges: the Well Known
Ports, the Registered Ports, and the Dynamic and/or Private
Ports.
The Well Known Ports are those from 0 through 1023. Well
Known ports SHOULD NOT be used without IANA registration.
The Registered Ports are those from 1024 through 49151.
Registered ports SHOULD NOT be used without IANA
registration.
The Dynamic and/or Private Ports are those from 49152
through 65535.
37
Couche Transport
Ports (cont.)
Les ports usuels :
21 (tcp) : FTP (parfois coupl 20/tcp)
23 (tcp) : Telnet. On trouve par exemple des modems/routeurs en telnet.
25 (tcp) : SMTP, envoi d'email.
53 (tcp et udp) : DNS
67 (tcp et udp) : DHCP, gestion automatique des IP d'un rseau.
80 (tcp et udp) : HTTP
102 (tcp et udp) : ISO-TSAP Class 0 IEC 61850 / MMS over TCP/IP
110 (tcp et udp) : POP3, lecture de courrier.
123 (tcp et udp) : NTP (Network Time protocol), synchronisation de
l'heure.
502 (tcp et udp) : asa-appl-proto (Dennis Dube)
Modbus
38
Couche Transport UDP

UDP - User Datagram Protocol.
The UDP layer requires that an application build the single packet of
data is then put into a UDP header and sent onto the Ethernet
network. No retry or delivery order services are provided.
UDP allows a packet to be broadcast, unlike TCP that requires a
dedicated socket between the endpoints.
Retries and data integrity can still be provided but must be handled
by the application layer protocol.
Troubleshooting commands for the TCP/UDP Layer

Netstat, using switches.
39
Couche Transport TCP

TCP - Transmission Control Protocol
TCP allows a reliable transport of data from one device to the
other by :
Transporting data along a socket using sequence numbers to record
the amount of data sent.
Implementing a send/acknowledge system where each packet of
data is acknowledged.
Implementing an adaptive retry system where a lost packet can be
resent or a lost section of data resent without having to abort the
entire transmission.
Provides re-ordering of the IP datagrams at the destination based on
sequence number - this is needed as IP datagrams can arrive in a
different order to what they are sent.
Providing flow control that prevents a receiving device from being
overloaded with data.
Providing a checksum on the header and data sent.
A TCP socket connection must be established between two

devices before data can be sent. The socket connection must be
closed after all data is sent.
40
- TCP : segmenter, encapsuler,

ordonnancer
metteur
Message
Message
TCP
Rcepteur
TCP
3 4
IP
IP
ETHERNET
41
Couche Transport TCP

Socket Setup and Take Down.
A socket setup follows these steps :
Client device chooses a random socket number and sends a
SYN packet to the Server IP and Socket address.
The Server responds with a ACK of the request plus a SYN to
open the socket in the other direction, so two way
communications are possible.
The Client and Server both specify a window at this
point, this is the amount of data that the device is able to
accept at this time.
The window can be set to 0 to prevent any more data
being sent.
The Client then sends an ACK of the SYN from the Server,
this completes the Socket establishment.
42
APPLICATION LAYER
Layer 3: Network layer
PRESENTATION LAYER
SESSION LAYER
TRANSPORT LAYER
NETWORK LAYER
DATA LINK LAYER
PHYSICAL LAYER
Provides the means of transferring data sequences from a source to a

destination via one or more networks while maintaining the quality of
service requested by the Transport layer.
Performs network routing functions, and might also perform
segmentation/de-segmentation, and report delivery errors.
Routers operate at this layersending data throughout the extended
network and making the Internet possible. This is a logical addressing
scheme values are chosen by the network engineer
Example:
Internet Protocol (IP).
Analogy:
Air Mail or Consolidated Carrier that transfers the mail from Point A to Point
B
43
APPLICATION LAYER
Layer 2: Data Link layer
PRESENTATION LAYER
SESSION LAYER
TRANSPORT LAYER
NETWORK LAYER
DATA LINK LAYER
PHYSICAL LAYER
Provides the functional and procedural means to transfer data between

network entities and to detect and possibly correct errors that may
occur in the Physical layer
It arranges bits from physical layer into logical chunks of data, known
as frames
This is the layer at which the bridges and switches operate
Connectivity is provided only among locally attached network nodes
forming layer 2 domains for unicast or broadcast forwarding. Other
protocols may be imposed on the data frames to create tunnels and
logically separated layer 2 forwarding domain
44
APPLICATION LAYER
Layer 1: Physical layer
PRESENTATION LAYER
SESSION LAYER
TRANSPORT LAYER
NETWORK LAYER
DATA LINK LAYER
PHYSICAL LAYER
Defines all the electrical and physical specifications for devices

This includes the layout of pins, voltages, and cable specifications
Hubs, repeaters, and network adapters are physical-layer devices
Major functions and services performed by the physical layer are:
Establishment and termination of a connection to a communications
medium.
Sharing communication resources among multiple users.
Modulation, or conversion between the representation of digital data in user
equipment and the corresponding signals transmitted over a
communications channel. These are signals operating over the physical
cabling or over a radio link.
Various physical-layer Ethernet standards are also in this layer;

Ethernet incorporates both this layer and the data-link layer. The same
applies to other local-area networks, such as IEEE 802.11
45
OSI: 7 Layer Architecture

APPLICATION LAYER
PRESENTATION
LAYER
SESSION LAYER
SOFTWARE
TRANSPORT LAYER
NETWORK LAYER
TCP
Checking &
Correction
IP
Routing /
Addressing
TCP/IP
DATA LINK LAYER

PHYSICAL LAYER
HARDWARE
46
Communications
What is Ethernet
Physical Support
Summary
47
Types of Area Networks

WAN: Wide Area Network
Computer network that covers a large area:
Metropolitan, regional, or national
MAN: Metropolitan Area Network

Computer networks usually spanning a city
Typically use wireless or optical fibre
LAN: Local Area Network

Computer network covering a small area:
Home, office, or group of buildings
Current LANs are likely based on IEEE 802.3
Ethernet technology, running at 10, 100 or 1000 Mbit/s
VLAN: Virtual Local Area Network

A grouping of devices that arent on the same physical LAN
Allows re-grouping of devices via software instead of physically
48
Why are VLANs Important?

VLANs are used to create logical groups of devices as if they were on
the same LAN
Router needed to connect two VLANs together
Flexible
Easy management and administration of logical groups of devices.
Easier to add/remove and modify devices on the LAN through software
Cost Effective
Fewer switches are needed in multi-LAN networks
Interoperable
Is an IEEE standard adopted across the industry
49
VLAN Network
L3
L2
L2
L2
L2
50
Trunks and Tags

Trunk
A VLAN trunk carries packets from multiple VLANs on a single cable
Tag
Each packet is identified by a VLAN tag
The tag is 4 bytes and identifies the VLAN number
Used to differentiate the packets between the different networks
One VLAN is allowed to stay untagged
51
VLAN Terms
Edge Port
Carries packets belonging to a single LAN
A port connected to an end station or device on the same LAN
Does not carry any VLAN tags
Trunk Port
Carries packets belonging to multiple VLANS.
Packets must be tagged with VLAN numbers, except the Trunk Native VLAN
Used to connect layer 2 devices (typically switches)
Tagged VLAN
VLAN packets sent from a trunk port
Each packet contains a tag with the VLAN ID
Untagged VLAN
VLAN packets sent from a trunk port without a VLAN tag
Trunk Native VLAN

Each trunk port can define a native VLAN
Untagged packets received on a trunk port are associated to the native VLAN defined
for that port
52
Adding a VLAN tag

STANDARD Frame
TCP
IP
LLC (Type)
MAC
Source
MAC
Destination
Preamble
TAGGED Frame
TCP
IP
LLC (Type)
MAC
Source
MAC
Destination
Preamble
TPID PCP CFI VID
4 Bytes
53
Tagged vs. Untagged

Untagged
Standard Ethernet packet/frame in a network
Used with end devices on edge ports
Tagged
Inserts a 4 byte tag into the header of the frame
Used by trunk ports to identify which VLAN the packet belongs to
VLAN ID has a range of 1-4095
Tag Protocol Identifier
Set to 0x8100 to identify the frame as belonging to a VLAN
TPID
PCP
CFI
16
Bi
ts
3 Bits
1 Bit
VID
12
Bi
ts
Priority Code Point

Set (0-7) to identify the traffic as data, voice, video, etc
Canonical Format Indicator
Used for compatibility between Ethernet and Token Ring
frames
VLAN Identifier
Indicates which VLAN the frame belongs to. Has range of 14095
54
Types of Networking Topologies
55
Communications
What is Ethernet
Physical Support
Summary
56
Hardware: Hub
Device for connecting multiple twisted pair or fibre optic Ethernet
devices together, making them act as a single segment.
A form of multiport repeater that restores timing and signal strength.
Responsible for forwarding a jam signal to all ports if it detects a
collision.
All devices are in the same collision domain (CSMA/CD)
Half duplex only
Operates in the physical layer (layer 1) of the OSI model.
57
Hardware: Switch
Connects devices within the same LAN
Is a networking device that performs transparent bridging (connection
of multiple network segments with forwarding based on MAC
addresses) at up to the speed of the hardware
Operates in the data link layer (layer 2) of the OSI model.
Each physical port is in a different collision domain
Allows full duplex
Stores MAC addresses in a database for fast referencing
Manages traffic by directing frames on necessary ports only
58
Hardware: Hubs vs. Switches

What is the difference between a Hub & Switch?
An Ethernet hub unsophisticated broadcast device.
Hubs do not manage any network traffic
Any packet entering any port is broadcast out on every other port
Packet collisions may result since no traffic is managed--which greatly
impedes the smooth flow of traffic.
A switch isolates ports, meaning that every received packet is sent out
only to the port on which the target may be found
Since the switch intelligently sends packets where they need to go, the
performance of the network can be greatly increased.
59
Hardware: Router
Operates in the network layer (layer 3) of the OSI model.
Connects devices between different networks, making the internet
possible.
A router is a computer networking device that buffers and forwards
data packets across an inter-network toward their destinations, through
a process known as routing.
60
Hardware: Switches vs. Routers

A router acts as a junction between two or more networks to buffer and
transfer data packets among them.
A switch connects devices to form a Local area network (LAN) (which
might, in turn, be connected to another network via a router).
61
Hardware: Server / Client

Server
Computer system or piece of hardware that provides services to clients
Used for dedicated applications
Data storage/aggregation
Email
File sharing
Printing
DHCP
Hardware configuration is particular to application
Client
Computer system that accesses a (remote) service on another computer by some
kind of network
62
Ethernet Physical Support

Original Ethernet used Co-Axial cable
Not reliable for large extended networks
Damage or a single bad connector, could make the whole Ethernet
segment unusable.
Prone to electrical discontinuity (signal reflections)
Difficult to debug
Security: Information is transmitted across a common medium to all
therefore a single node can eavesdrop on all traffic.
Performance: Use of a single cable also means that the bandwidth
is shared, so that network traffic can slow to a crawl when, for
example, the network and nodes restart after a power failure.
63

3 common standards used today
10BASE-T
100BASE-TX(100BASE-T) : Fast Ethernet
1000BASE-T : Gigabit Ethernet
All use the same connections and cable type

RJ-45 connector
Category 5 (4 pair cable)
64

10Base-T/100Base-T
10BASE-T
1st vendor independent Ethernet standard developed from AT&T
Supports data transmission rates up to 10Mbits/s
Typical cable standards: 100m segment length with 24AWG (0.205mm)
cable
High quality cable: 150m
100BASE-T (100BASE-TX, 100BASE-T4)

Works on the same cable standards as 10BASE-T
Uses 2 pairs for data transmission
1000BASE-T
Uses all fours for simultaneous data transmission
65
Ethernet Physical Support:

Straight vs. Crossover
T586A to T586A are referred to as straight through cables
Same for T586B -T586B
T586A to T586B are referred to as crossover cables or patch cables
66

Fibre Optic
100BASE-FX functions the same as 100BASE-T but uses 2 strands of
fibre optic to receive and transmit
Not compatible with 10BASE-FL
10BASE-FL uses a 850nm
100BASE-FX uses a 1300nm near-infrared (NIR) light wavelength
Max distance: 400m
1000BASE-SX
Operates over multi-mode fibre using a 850nm NIR wavelength
Max distance: 220m (500m with good quality cable)
1000BASE-LX
Uses a long wavelength laser
Wavelength: 1270 to 1355 nm
Specified to work up to 2 km over 9 m single-mode fibre
67
Communications
What is Ethernet
Physical Support
Summary
68
Internet Services
TCP: Transmission Control Protocol
Allows applications on networked hosts to establish connections to one another
Guarantees reliable delivery of data from sender to receiver
Distinguishes data for multiple connections by concurrent applications running on the
same host
Uses the notion of port numbers to identify sending and receiving application endpoints on a host
Some examples include: FTP (21), TELNET (23), SMTP (25) and HTTP (80)
UDP: User Datagram Protocol

Allows programs on networked computers can send short messages sometimes
known as datagrams to one another
Network applications that use UDP include the Domain Name System (DNS),
streaming media applications such as IPTV, VoIP, Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)
and online games
Utilizes ports to allow application-to-application communication
69
HTTP
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
Used to transfer or convey information on the World Wide Web
Request/response protocol between clients and servers
Client: Web browser
Server: Web server containing images and documents
HTTP client initiates a request by establishing a Transmission Control

Protocol (TCP) connection to a particular port on a remote host
TCP port 80 by default
ECI850 and ACE850 supports HTTP to provide a configuration and

diagnostic interface
70
FTP
File Transfer Protocol
Used to transfer data from one computer to another over the Internet,
or through a network
Client computer, running FTP client software, initiates connection to
server allowing client to perform various file manipulations
Some file managers and web browsers can support this function
FTP server listens on TCP port 21 for incoming connections

Insecure method for transferring data
Password information + data can sniffed out using a packet sniffer
Solution to this problem is to use either SFTP (SSH File Transfer Protocol),
or FTPS (FTP over SSL)
ECI850 and ACE850 supports FTP for uploading configuration files

CID: Configured IED Description
71
DHCP
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
Allows a client device to request and obtain an IP address, subnet mask, and
gateway IP address from a server which has a list of addresses available for
assignment
Client sends out query prior to any IP communications
DHCP server to the client with the above information
Facilitates automatic network configuration that would otherwise have to be

configured manually
DHCP server ensures that all IP addresses are unique
Address = 10.195.229.130
IP Address?
Mask = 255.255.252.0
Subnet Mask?
IP = 10.195.288.1
Gateway IP?
72
SNMP
Simple Network Management Protocol
SNMP is used by network administrators to manage devices on a
network
Performance
Find / Solve network problems
Plan network growth
Where?
Servers / Workstations
Routers / Switches / Hubs
Firewalls
Printers / IP Phones / Appliances
73
SNMP (cont)
Resides in the Application layer of the OSI model
Consists of managers and agents
Manager
Software / Network Management System running
on a network component
Interface between the system administrator and
the management system
MIB
Agent
Integrated firmware running on a network
component
Interface between the manager and the physical
managed device
Provides data about themselves to managers
using Management Information dataBases (MIB)
Ex. How many packets are sent/received
through the device
MIB
MIB
74
MMS
Manufacturing Message Specification
ISO 9506 (TC184) standard that defines how communications are
handled
Application level protocol that provides for 'peer to peer' real-time and
supervisory control communications over a network
Allows interoperable products to communicate between applications and
devices of different developers
Facilitates mapping between objects/registers using other protocols

Supports multiple communication links
TCP/IP, RS-232C, Token Bus, OSI, etc.
Used in client-server requests (reads)
75
SNTP
Simple Network Timing Protocol
Protocol for synchronizing the clocks of computer
systems over data networks
Less complex form of NTP
Uses UDP port 123 as its transport layer
Uses NTP timestamp format
Unsigned 64bit
32 bits for seconds
32 bits for fractions of seconds
# of seconds from Jan.1 1900
Accuracy
On the order of milliseconds (10) over the
Internet
On the order of microseconds (~200) over
the LAN under ideal conditions
76
RSTP: Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol

IEEE Open Standard
RSTP Evolution
STP
RSTP
RSTP
802.1d
802.1w
802.1d-2004
1990
1998
2004
77
Why is it Important?
Bridge Loops - Broadcast Storm
Can occur if there is a loop in the physical LAN
A single packet can travel through the loop without reaching a destination
Takes up bandwidth and floods the network with traffic
78
What is STP?
The Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) creates efficient links within a mesh network
of layer-2 devices called Bridges (typically switches)
It disables the ports on the switch that are not part of the tree, leaving a single
active path between devices
Flexible
Allows for redundant connections to provide automatic backup paths, without creating
bridge loops
The algorithm automatically changes based on the physical topology
Efficient
Devices automatically use the fastest connections between devices
Easy to configure
Interoperable
Is an IEEE standard adopted across the industry
Devices from different vendors can work together
79
How it Works
Select a Root Bridge
The Bridge with the lowest Bridge ID
Root Bridge sets all ports to forwarding
Select a Root Port for each Bridge

Has the lowest path cost to the Root Bridge
Select a Designated Port per LAN segment

Reports the lowest path cost to the Root Bridge
All other ports on all devices are set to blocking
80
BPDU Bridge Protocol Data Unit

Bridges exchange information with BPDU packets
Are regular Ethernet packets, but are used by bridges to share
spanning tree topologies
Are distributed to all devices in the network (PCs and edge devices),
but will be discarded if not using RSTP
Are sent periodically based on the Hello Time parameter (default 2
seconds)
Are generated by the root bridge and passed to all other bridges in the
network
81
RSTP Network
ROOT
Bridge A
MAC: 0000.0000.1001
Priority: 32,768
Designated
Bridge B
MAC: 0000.0000.3021
Priority: 32,768
Designated
Root
Designated
Designated
Root
Bridge D
MAC: 0000.0000.8117
Priority: 32,768
Bridge C
MAC: 0000.0000.4362
Priority: 32,768
Root
Root
Designated
Blocking
Bridge E
MAC: 0000.0000.9901
Priority: 32,768
82
Selecting a Root Bridge

When first powered, every switch assumes that it is the Root Bridge
and sends BPDUs indicating this every 2 seconds
If a better BPDU is received, the switch will:
Modify the port cost to the Root Bridge
Start forwarding the new roots received BPDUs
The Root Bridge of the network is the bridge with the smallest
Bridge ID.
At any time, a switch can become the root bridge by lowering its
Bridge ID
If manually selecting the Root Bridge, it should be as close to the center
of the network as possible
83
Bridge Identifier
The Bridge ID is a unique identifier used to select the root bridge in the network
and is made of two parts:
Priority
0 - 61,440 in steps of 4096 with default of 32,768
MAC Address
The Switch MAC Address - 6 bytes
To compare two Bridge IDs, the priority is compared first. If both bridges have
the same priority, the MAC addresses are compared
Used in tie-breakers when determining port roles and path costs
Switches A (MAC=0000.0000.1000) and B (MAC=0000.0000.2000) both have a
priority of 32,768.
Switch A will automatically be selected as the root bridge
If the user would like Switch B to become the root bridge, its priority must be set
less than 32,768
84
What does RSTP add to STP?

RSTP is a refinement of STP which means it has the same basic operating
characteristics
Detection of root bridge failure is done in 1 hello time (default hello time is 2
seconds)
Ports can be configured as edge ports if they are not connected to another
bridge.
Edge ports go into the forwarding state (still monitored for BPDUs incase a bridge is
attached)
Faster convergence times (steady state condition)

A bridge will send its spanning tree information to its designated ports.
If a second bridge receives this information and decides that it is superior root
information, the bridge will set all of its other ports to the discarding state.
The second bridge can then send an acknowledgment to the first bridge.
When the first bridge receives the acknowledgement, it will change that port to the
forwarding state, by-passing the usual listening/learning states.
This can create a cascade where each bridge proposes to its neighbors to determine
if they can rapidly change to the forwarding state.
85
What does RSTP add to STP? (cont)

Backwards compatible with STP
Actively performs handshakes to determine port state instead of waiting
for timers to expire (Faster)
Uses alternate ports for fast recovery. If a fault is detected on the root
port, an alternate or a backup port will take over.
Ring size limited to 30 switches
Signals a topology change with port up (online), but not port down
(offline)
86
RSTP Port Roles

Root
The forwarding port that has the lowest path cost to the root bridge. Each bridge can
have only one root port.
Designated
A port on a LAN segment whos bridge has the lowest path cost back to the root bridge.
Each LAN segment (collision domain) can have only one designated port, but a bridge
could have multiple designated ports.
NOTE: If a segment has a root port, the other segment will automatically be a
designated port
Non-designated
All other ports that are not the root port or designated. Automatically in the blocking state
Alternate
A port that presents an alternate path to the root bridge without using the root port. Will
become the root port if the original fails.
Backup
A port that is a backup for the designated ports
87
RSTP Port States

Blocking
Does not send or receive user data, but can change into the Forwarding state if
another link fails and this port is needed. BPDU data is still received in blocking state.
Listening
The port processes BPDUs, but not data frames.
Learning
The port still doesnt forward data frames, but will learn the source MAC Addresses
and add them to the switchs database
Forwarding
The port that sends and receives data normally. It will still monitor BPDUs that might
tell the port to return to the blocking state
Discarding
The port doesnt forward data frames or learn MAC Addresses
Disabled
A port that is manually disabled by a network administrator
88
How Much is it?

Determine the Port / Path Cost
Port Cost
Each port has a cost associated with it based on its speed and
according to a table in the standard. This value can be manually
configured to make it more/less preferred. Lower values indicate a
more preferred port.
Path Cost
An accumulated value based on the Port Cost values from other ports
in the segment. Its calculated by adding the cost received in the BPDU
to the port cost
Messages from any device in the network to the root bridge will travel
on the path with the least cost.
89
Path Cost (cont)

Manufacturers can use different values for the ports, but these are the
recommendations from the standard
Link Speed Recommended
Value
100 Kb/s
200 000 000
20 000 000 200 000 000 1-200000000
1 Mb/s
20 000 000
2 000 000 200 000 000
1-200000000
10 Mb/s
2 000 000
200 000 20 000 000
1-200000000
100 Mb/s
200 000
20 000 2 000 000
1-200000000
1 Gb/s
20 000
2 000 200 000
1-200000000
10 Gb/s
2 000
200 20 000
1-200000000
100 Gb/s
200
20 2 000
1-200000000
1 Tb/s
20
2 200
1-200000000
10 Tb/s
1 20
1-200000000
Recommended Range
Range
90
Path Cost (cont)

ROOT
D
10 Gb/s
2000
1 Gb/s
20000
R
100 Mb/s
200000
D
D
100 Mb/s
200000
1 Gb/s
20000
10 Mb/s
2000000
R
D
10 Mb/s
2000000
91
Communications
What is Ethernet
Physical Support
Summary
92
Summary
CSMA/CD is used to avoid packet collisions
MAC Addresses are unique identifiers programmed into all Network
devices and used to send packets from one device to another
IP addressing is used to send packets across networks and the internet
93
Network Terminology
Important to be able to understand the various terms/acronyms used for
describing todays networking principles
CSMA/CD =Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection
MAC Address = Media Access Control Address
TCP = Transmission Control Protocol
UDP = User Datagram Protocol
ARP= Address Resolution Protocol
HTTP = Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
FTP = File Transfer Protocol
SNMP = Simple Network Management Protocol
SNTP = Network Timing Protocol
DHCP = Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (In Sepam is not present)
RSTP = Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol
94

01 - Ethernet TCPIP - v5.1

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Ethernet TCP/IP Overview

Basic Ethernet Technologies

Schneider Electric - Ethernet TCP/IP Overview

Schneider Electric - Ethernet TCP/IP Overview

Governs the way computers share information on the same channel

Schneider Electric - Ethernet TCP/IP Overview

Schneider Electric - Ethernet TCP/IP Overview

Half duplex transmission: alternating two-way

Full duplex transmission: simultaneous two-way

Schneider Electric - Ethernet TCP/IP Overview

Schneider Electric - Ethernet TCP/IP Overview

Schneider Electric - Ethernet TCP/IP Overview

Format des trames

Size of the frames (with prambule) :

Schneider Electric - Ethernet TCP/IP Overview

Format of the frames

Flow direction of bits for one octet

Time between frames : 9.6 s minimum

Schneider Electric - Ethernet TCP/IP Overview

Different field of the frame

SFD (Start Frame Delimiter)

Schneider Electric - Ethernet TCP/IP Overview

Les diffrents champs de la trame

or Type of protocol (specifique Ethernet)

FCS : Frame Control Sequence

Diffrent field of the frame

the Addresses MAC

Schneider Electric - Ethernet TCP/IP Overview

Les Adresses MAC

IEEE has given sections of addresses to the manufacturers:

the adresses Ethernet and IEEE802.3 are uniques

IP address version 4 (IPv4)

Has 232 possible addresses (around 4.2 billion)

Schneider Electric - Ethernet TCP/IP Overview

Schneider Electric - Ethernet TCP/IP Overview

Class A: larger Host ID = local network bigger

Multicast et usages spciaux

Multicast et usages spciaux

Rserv usage ultrieur (ou priv)

Schneider Electric - Ethernet TCP/IP Overview

11111111 11111111 11111110 00000000

same subnet => frame sent directly to destination

11111111 11111111 11111110 00000000

other subnet => frame sent directly to routeur

Adresses automatic (no routables)

Schneider Electric - Ethernet TCP/IP Overview

ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)

ARP allows to detect / prevent the double adress IP

RARP (reverse ARP) ralise la fonction inverse

Schneider Electric - Ethernet TCP/IP Overview

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

Schneider Electric - Ethernet TCP/IP Overview

automatic allocation of adress IP

Certains quipements ne possdent pas dadresse IP pr attribue

BOOTP permet un quipement de rcuprer une adresse IP auprs

Attribution automatique dadresse IP

Schneider Electric - Ethernet TCP/IP Overview

IP Address version 6 (IPv6)

possible addresses (around 3.4 10 )

510 28 for every person in the world

0010 : 2a8c : 003b : 90ad : 0cb7 : 0000 : 0000 : 1004

0010 : 2a8c : 003b : : / 48