BIOL 0800 Principles of Physiology

Spring 2013

Male and Female Reproductive Systems

Reading: Chapter 17

Fetal Sex Differentiation

SRY = Sex-Determining Region on Y Chromsome

Female
Male

5-Reductase Converts Testosterone to Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

(From: Mol Cell Endocrinol 250: 190-195, 2006)
DHT is more potent
than Testosterone

5-Reductase
Inhibitors

SRY and SOX9 are Transcription Factors for Sexual Differentiation

(From: Trends Endocrinol. Metabolism 19: 213-222, 2008)

Disorders of Sex
Development
(From: Best Practice Res Clin
Endocrinol Metabolism 24:
187-195, 2010)

Karyotype: 46, XY
Internal Genitalia: Testis
External Genitalia: Vagina
Sex Phenotype: Female

Male Reproductive System

Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System

Testis

Mitosis and Meiosis

(From: Nature Rev Mol Cell Biol 5: 983-997, 2004)

Mitosis

Meiosis

Meiosis Crossover Hot Spots

(Nat Rev Genetics 5: 413-424, 2004)

Summary of Spermatogenesis

Sertoli Cells and Germ Cells in Testis

Spermatozoa (G)
Spermatmid (F)
Secondary
Spermatocyte (E)
Primary
Spermatocyte (C,D)

Spermatogonia (A, B)

Human Mature Sperm

Hormonal Control
of Male
Reproductive
Function

Ergogenic Effects of Testosterone

(From: J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 95: 1533-1543, 2010)

1RM = One-Repetition Maximum

Side Effects of Anabolic

Androgenic Steroid Abuse
(From: Lancet 371: 18721882, 2008)

Reflex Pathways for Erection

Phosphodiesterase 5 and Erectile Dysfunction

(Fazio and Brock. CMAJ 170: 1429-1437, 2004)

(eNOS)

nNOS

(e.g. Viagra, Cialis)

eNOS Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase

nNOS Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase

Female Reproductive System

Female Reproductive System

Summary of Oogenesis

Comparison Between Female and Male Reproductive Systems

Hormonal Control
of Ovarian
Function

Control of Estrogen Synthesis

Aromatase Converts Androgen to Estrogen

Theca Cell

Aromatase
Granulosa Cell

Development of a Human Oocyte

Ovarian Events During a Menstrual Cycle

Summary of the
Menstrual
Cycle

Regulation of Estrogen and Progesterone

Release During Late Follicular Phase

Suppression of FSH and LH During Luteal Phase

Ovarian and Uterine Changes During the Menstrual Cycle

Development of the Female Reproductive System

(From: Ann NY Acad Sci 1092: 49-56, 2006)

Natural Family Planning

(High Failure Rate)

Female Athlete Triad

(From: ACSM)

Menstrual Disturbances Among Sedentary and Exercising Subjects

(From: Human Reproduction 25: 491-503, 2010)

A. Sedentary

B. Exercise

Urinary Excretions of Reproductive Hormones for Ovulatory and

Abnormal Cycles - Categorized by Exercise and Mentrual Status
(From: Human Reproduction 25: 491-503, 2010)

Shorter Ovulatory Cycles Near Menopause is

Caused by Increase in FSH in Response to Decrease in Inhibin
(From: Am J Med 118: 8S-13S, 2005)

Narrowing of the Thermoneutral Zone Results

in Menopausal Hot Flashes
(From: Am J Ob Gyn 196: 97-106, 2007)

Mechanism of Hot Flash in Menopause

(From: Am J Ob Gyn 196: 97-106, 2007)

MHPG: Methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol
(Metabolite of NE)

Pregnancy

Events Leading to
Fertilization

Fertilization and Block to Polyspermy

Events from Ovulation to Implantation

In Vitro Fertilization
(From: New Eng J Med 356: 379-386, 2007)

Implantation of Blastocyst

Interrelations of Fetal and Maternal Tissues at the Placenta

Maternal Hormones During Pregnancy

The Uterus
at 3, 5, and 8 weeks
After Fertilization

Comparison of Adult and Fetal Circulation

Adult Circulation

Fetal Circulation
(From: Seminars Fetal Neonatal Med 10:493-503, 2005)

Stages of
Parturition
(a) Before parturition

(b) Cervical dilation begins

(c) Complete Cervical
dilation

(d) Movement of fetus

through vagina
(e) Placental detachment

Regulation of Uterine Contraction During Parturition

Regulation of Prolactin Secretion

(From: CMAJ 169: 575-581, 2003)

Suckling-Induced Milk
Synthesis and Ejection

Fetal Programming
(From: J Physiol 572: 25-30, 2006)

Environmental Cues During Development, Developmental Plasticity,

and Determination of Adult Phenotype
(From: New Eng. J. Med. 359: 61-73, 2008)

Developmental Plasticity
Regulation of Gene Expression Through Epigenetic Processes
(From: New Eng. J. Med. 359: 61-73, 2008)