Asphalt

Melted Bitumen

Refinery Operation
LIGHT DISTILLATE

FIELD STORAGE

PUMPING
STATION

MEDIUM DISTILLATE
HEAVY DISTILLATE

TOWER
DISTILLATION
REFINERY

RESIDUUM

STORAGE
GAS

TUBE
HEATER

OR

CONDENSERS
AND
COOLERS

ASPHALT
CEMENTS
AIR
BLOWN
ASPHALT

PETROLEUM
SAND AND WATER

PROCESS
UNIT

AIR
STILL

FOR PROCESSING INTO

EMULSIFIED AND
CUTBACK ASPHALTS

Yield of Asphalt from Different Crude

Oils
BOSCAN
VENEZUELA
API Degrees
10.1
SP.Gravity
.999
% Sulfur
6.4
Gasoline
Kerosene
Lt. Gas Oil
Hv. Gas Oils

Bitumen
Residuum

Vol.
3%
6

ARABIAN
HEAVY
28.2
.886
2.8

21

26

14

NIGERIA
LIGHT
38.1
.834
0.2

33

10

20

28

16

58
27

30
1

Classification of bituminous
materials (Goetz and Wood, 1960)

Asphalt Cement Components

Asphaltenes
Large, discrete solid inclusions (black)
High viscosity component

Resins
Semi-solid or solid at room temperature
Fluid when heated
Brittle when cold

Oils
Colorless liquid
Soluble in most solvents
Allows asphalt to flow

Definitions
Binder

A material used to hold solid particles together,

i.e. bitumen or tar.

Bitumen

A heavy fraction from oil distillation (also occurs

as part of natural asphalt).

Tar

A viscous liquid obtained from distillation of coal

or wood. Rarely used in construction currently in
the UK.

Asphalt

A mixture of bitumen and mineral filler.

(Note: Hot Rolled Asphalt is a road surfacing
material)

Mastic

An adhering asphalt which is placed with

trowelling

Macadam

A road construction material with binder and

coarse aggregate. Tarmacadam was the first

Types of Asphalt Products

Asphalt cement
The most common binder material used in pavements

Asphalt cutback
Produced by dissolving asphalt cement in a lighter
molecular weight hydrocarbon solvent

Asphalt emulsion.
Dissolved with water
Consist of about 60% to 70% asphalt cement, 30% to
40% water, and a fraction of a percent of emulsifying
agent.

Magnified asphalt emulsion showing minute

droplets of asphalt cement dispersed in a
water medium.

Asphalt vs Tar
Asphalt

Soluble in petroleum
products
Generally a by-product
of petroleum distillation
process
Can be naturally
occurring

Tar
Resistant to petroleum
products
Generally by-product of
coke (from coal)
production

Komposisi Aspal

Aspal = Asphaltenes +
Maltenes
Asphaltenes
material hitam atau coklat tua
tidak larut dalam heptane

Maltenes
cairan kental terdiri atas resins
dan oils
larut dalam heptane

RESINS :
cairan berwarna kuning
atau coklat tua
memberikan sifat adhesi
pada aspal,
merupakan bagian yang
mudah hilang atau
berkurang selama masa
pelayanan jalan
OILS :
media dari
asphaltenes dan
resins

Hypothetical
structure of
asphaltene

Composition
and Structure
of Asphalt

Jenis aspal
Jenis Aspal

Aspal
Alam

Aspal
Buatan

Keterangan

Aspal
Gunung
(Rock
Asphalt)

Aspal Buton

Aspal Danau
(Lake
Asphalt)

Aspal
Bermudez,
Trinidad

Hasil proses
lanjutan dari
Aspal Minyak
residu hasil
destilasi minyak
bumi
Hasil

Aspal Keras/Panas
(Asphalt
Cement/AC)
Aspal Dingin/Cair
(Cut Back Asphalt)
Aspal Emulsi
(Emulsion Asphalt)

Aspal Keras
Aspal keras/panas (Asphalt Cement/AC) :
Berbentuk padat pada temperatur ruang
(25o 30oC)
Digunakan pada keadaan cair dan panas
(setelah pemanasan)
Jenisnya bervariasi tergantung pada
proses pembuatan dan jenis minyak
bumi asalnya

Aspal Cair
Jenis

Keterangan

RC (Rapid Curing Cut

Back)`

Dilarutkan dengan bensin

Paling cepat menguap

MC (Medium Curing Cut

Back)

Dilarutkan dengan minyak

tanah

SC (Slow Curing Cut

Back)

Dilarutkan dengan solar

Paling lama menguap

Aspal Emulsi
Campuran aspal dengan air dan
bahan pengemulsi
Dapat digunakan dalam keadaan
dingin atau panas
Umumnya digunakan pada
campuran dingin atau
penyemprotan dingin

Jenis Aspal Emulsi

Berdasarkan muatan listrik
Kationik : aspal emulsi asam, bermuatan positif
Anionik : aspal emulsi alkali, bermuatan negatif
Nonionik : aspal emulsi yang tidak mengalami ionisasi,
tidak bermuatan listrik

Berdasarkan kecepatan pengerasan

Rapid setting (RS)
mengandung sedikit bahan pengemulsi, pengikatannya cepat

Medium setting (MS)

Slow setting (SS)
mengandung banyak bahan pengemulsi, penguapannya lambat

Aspal Buton
Jenis Aspal Minyak :
Merupakan campuran antara bitumen
dengan mineral lain dalam bentuk batuan
Kadar bitumennya bervariasi

Uses of Asphalt

Placing hot mix asphalt (asphalt

concrete) used for the surface layer of

Applying fogseal (diluted emulsion) for

preserving existing pavement

Spraying tack coat (emulsion) on

existing asphalt pavement before
placing an asphalt overlay.

Applying chip seal (emulsion followed by

aggregates) for preserving existing
pavement

Applying microsurfacing for preserving

existing pavement.

Paving Applications of Asphalt

Temperature Susceptibility of
Asphalt

Thermal cracking resulting from the

use of too stiff asphalt in a cold
climate area.

Rutting that could result from the

use of too soft asphalt.

Selecting the proper grade of

asphalt binder to match the
climate.

Fungsi Aspal
Bahan pengikat
memberi ikatan yang kuat antara aspal
dan agregat dan antara aspal itu sendiri

Bahan pengisi
mengisi rongga antara butir-butir agregat
dan pori-pori yang ada dalam agregat

 Daya tahan
Adhesi dan kohesi

Sifat Aspal

Kepekaan terhadap
temperatur
Kekerasan aspal

Properties of Asphalt
Critical conditions during construction
and service
Construction:
mixing
spreading

appropriate viscosity

compacting

Service:
plastic deformation (rutting)
thermal cracking
fatigue cracking
water sensibility

Properties of Asphalt
ID E A L B E H A V IO U R
ID E A L B E H A V IO U R
C o n s is te n c y
C o n s is te n c y

C o n s is te n c y
C o n s is te n c y
F le x ib ilit y
F le x ib ilit y
R e s is ta n c e
t o R de es f ios rt ma na ct ei o n
to d e fo r m a tio n

F le x ib ilit y
F le x ib ilit y

R e s is ta n c e to
d eR f oe sr mi s at at ino cne t o
d e fo r m a tio n

M ix in g
M ix in g

-5 0
-5 0

50
50

T [ C ]
T [ C ]

100
100

-s

150
150

10

1 0 -s
1 0 10
1 0L o a d in g T im e [s ]
10
L o a d in g T im e [s ]
R E A L B E H A V IO U R
R E A L B E H A V IO U R
C o n s is te n c y
C o n s is te n c y

C o n s is te n c y
C o n s is te n c y
T o o b r itt le
T o o b r it t le

T o o b r it t le
T o o b r it t le

T o o s o ft
T o o s o ft

-5 0
-5 0

50
50

T [ C ]

100
100

150
150

-s

1 0 -s
1 0L

T o o s o ft
T o o s o ft
10
1 0 10
10

o a d in g T im e [s ]
L o a d in g T im e [s ]

Pengelompoka
n Aspal

Berdasarkan
nilai penetrasi
dan nilai
viskositas

Pengelompokan Aspal Keras

Penetrasi rendah
untuk wilayah dengan cuaca panas atau
volume lalin tinggi

Penetrasi tinggi
untuk wilayah dengan cuaca dingin atau
volume lalin rendah

Aspal Keras (AC)

Jenis*

Keterangan

AC 40/50

Penetrasi antara 40 - 50

AC 60/70

Penetrasi antara 60 70

AC 85/100

Penetrasi antara 85 100

AC 120/150

Penetrasi antara 120 150

AC 200/300

Penetrasi antara 200 - 300

*di Indonesia: AC 60/70 dan 80/100

Binder Properties
Adhesion
Bituminous materials adhere to clean dry surfaces.

Viscosity
All bituminous materials are viscous, i.e. when
subject to a long term load they deform
continuously.

Softening point
This is the temperature at which the binder softens
to a pre-determined point.

Metode Pengujian Aspal

N
o

Pengujian

Keterangan

Penetrasi

Tingkat Kekerasan Aspal

Titik Lembek

Temperatur Saat Aspal Mulai Melunak

Titik Nyala & Titik

Bakar

Temperatur Maksimum Pemanasan Aspal

Daktilitas

Sifat Kohesi Aspal

Berat Jenis Aspal

Diperlukan dalam Perhitungan Analisa

Campuran

Kelarutan Aspal

Kemurnian Aspal

Thick Film Test

Banyaknya Kandungan Bahan dalam Aspal

yang Hilang Akibat Penguapan

Viskositas Kinematik

Kekentalan Aspal

Pedoman Pengujian Aspal

Pengujian

Metode Pemeriksaan
Bina Marga

AASHTO

Penetrasi

PA-0301-76

T49-80

Titik Lembek

PA-0302-76

T53-81

Titik Nyala & Titik

Bakar

PA-0303-76

T48-81

Thick Film test

PA-0304-76

T47-82

Kadar Larut dalam CCL

PA-0305-76

T44-81

Daktilitas

PA-0306-76

T51-81

Berat Jenis

PA-0307-76

T228-79

Viskositas Kinematik

PA-0308-76

T201-80

Ductility test

Asphalt Penetration Test

Pedoman Pengujian Aspal

Cair
Pengujian

Metode Pemeriksaan
Bina Marga

AASHTO

Viskositas Kinematik

PA-0308-76

T201-80

Titik Nyala

PA-0309-76

T79-80

Daktilitas Aspal Cair

PA-0310-76

T51-81

Penyulingan Aspal Cair

PA-0311-76

T78-80

Kadar Air`

PA-0311-76

T55-78

Penetration Testing
Sewing machine needle
Specified load, time,
temperature
100 g

Initial

Penetration in 0.1 mm

After 5 seconds

Drag picture to placeholder or click icon to add

Flash Point (Safety)

Thermometer

Cup filled with

asphalt

Wand attached to
gas line

Ductility

Solubility (Purity)

Pan

Thermometer

Thin Film Oven

Rotating Shelf

Typical Penetration
Specifications
Penetration

40 - 50

200 - 300

450+

350+

Ductility, cm

100+

100+

Solubility, %

99.0+

99.0+

Retained
Penetration, %
Ductility, cm

55+

37+

NA

100+

Flash Point,

Penetration, 0.1 mm
Medium
Low

High
25C (77F)
Temperature

Viscosity Graded
Specifications

Definition
Viscosity: the ratio between the applied
shear stress and the rate of shear.

Types of Viscosity Tubes

Asphalt Institute Tube

Zietfuchs Cross-Arm
Tube

Testing
Absolute viscosity
U-shaped tube with timing marks & filled
with asphalt
Placed in 60oC bath
Vacuum used to pull asphalt through tube
Time to pass marks
Visc. in Pa s (Poise)

Testing
Kinematic viscosity
Cross arm tube with timing marks & filled
with asphalt
Placed in 135C bath
Once started gravity moves asphalt
through tube
Time to pass marks
Visc. in mm2 / s (centistoke)

Viscosity Grade Specifications

ASTM D3381
Three specifications
Table 1
Original properties

Table 2
Original properties

Table 3
Rolling thin film oven aging

Table 1 & 2 Tests

Viscosities at 60 and 135oC
Penetrations at 25oC
Flash point
Solubility
TFO aged residue
Viscosity at 60oC
Ductility at 25oC

Table 2 Example
AC 2.5

AC 40

Viscosity,
60oC

250 50

4000 800

Viscosity,
135oC

125+

400+

Penetration

220+

40+

Viscosity,
60oC

<1250

<20000

Ductility

100+

25+

Viscosity (Stiffness)

Ave.
Service
Temp.

Mixing
&
Compaction

Hot
Summer

40 Pen
60 Pen

2400
Low
1600
300

Table 2
210
Table 1

25C (77F)

60C (140F)

Temperature

135C (275F)

Mixing/Compaction Temps
Viscosity, Pa s
10
5

1
.5
.3Compaction Range
.2 Mixing Range
.1
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200
Temperature, C

Advantages
(Original AC Visc. Grade)
Fundamental property
Wide range of temperatures
Based on max. pavement surface temp.
Wide range of instruments
Test method precision established
Temperature susceptibility is controlled
Limits aging
Information on mixing & compaction temps.

Disadvantages
(Original AC Visc. Grade)
More expensive
Longer testing time
More technician skill needed
Not applicable for Non-Newtonian
materials
Wide range of properties for same
grade

Rolling Thin Film Oven

Table 3 Specification
AR 1000

AR 16000

Viscosity, 60oC 1000 250

16000 4000

Viscosity,
135oC

140+

550+

Penetration

65+

20+

% Original Pen NS

52+

Advantages
(AR Visc. Grade)
Represents asphalt properties
after mixing
Fundamental properties
Covers wide range of
temperatures
Limits aging

Disadvantages
(AR Visc. Grade)
Highly regional
Requires different testing equipment
Longer testing time
No consistency test on original AC
Not applicable for Non-Newtonian
materials
Wide range of properties for same grade

Penetration Grades

Viscosity, 60C (140F)

AC 40
100
50

40
50

AC 20
60
70

AC 10
85
100
120
150

10
5

200
300

AR 16000
AR 8000
AR 4000

AC 5

AR 2000

AC 2.5

AR 1000

Questions - ?

Asphalt Concrete
Mix Design and
Construction

71

Hot Mix Asphalt Concrete (HMA)

Mix Designs
Objective:
Develop an economical blend of aggregates
and asphalt that meet design requirements

Historical mix design methods

Marshall
Hveem

New
Superpave gyratory
72

Requirements in Common
Sufficient asphalt to ensure a durable
pavement
Sufficient stability under traffic loads
Sufficient air voids
Upper limit to prevent excessive environmental
damage
Lower limit to allow room for initial densification due to
traffic

Sufficient workability
73

Mixing

Place pre-heated aggregate

in bowl and add hot asphalt

Mixing
Place bowl on mixer and mix
until aggregate is well-coated

75

Compaction
Example of typical full-size compactors.

76

Selection of Design Asphalt

Binder Content
Va

VMA

% binder

% binder

Blend 3

VFA

DP
% binder

% binder

%Gmm at Nini

%Gmm at Nmax
% binder

77

% binder

HMA Plant Operation

Types Of Plants
BATCH

DRUM
MIXER

Basic Purpose Of HMA Plants

To produce a quality
hot asphalt mixture
that contains the
desired proportions of
asphalt and aggregate
and meets all
specifications.

80

Batch plant - typical layout

Asphalt
Storage
Conveyor Belt
Aggregate
Bins
Dryer

Batch
Tower

Burner
Hot
elevator

Storage
Silo

Batch Plant
Batch Tower

Pug Mill

82

Burner - Batch Plant

83

Drum Mixer Plant Typical

Layout
Asphalt Storage
Aggregate
Bins

Conveyor Belts

Dryer

Burner

Storage
Silo

Drum Dryer Mixer

Temperature Profile in Drum

Mixer

86

Dryer For Drum Dryer Mix

Plant

Dryer For A Drum Mixer

Plant
Aggregate
Entry Point

Small Drum Mixer Plant

Plants are computer

controlled

90

HMA Placement

To Be Covered
Hauling
Placement
Compaction
92

Different types of trucks are

Used

93

Self Propelled Paver

94

Self Propelled Paving Machine

THE BASIC
PRINCIPLE
HAS NOT
CHANGED
MUCH
95

Self Propelled Paving Machine

HMA
Flow

96

COMPACTION

GOOD COMPACTION
LEADS TO GOOD
PERFORMANCE

97

Reason For Compaction

To prevent further compaction
To provide shear strength or
resistance to rutting
To ensure the mixture is
waterproof
To prevent excessive oxidation of
the asphalt binder
98

Temperature is critical

99

Vibratory Roller

100

Pnuematic Roller

101

Steel Wheeled Roller

102

Extracting A Core

103

Questions - ?

104