C2 revision

Revision PowerPoint for

EDEXCEL Chemistry Unit 2

Periodic Table
Mendeleev created the
periodic table as we
know it in 1871.
He arranged elements in
order of their properties
leaving gaps where he
thought there should be
other elements.
This was found to be
correct when other
elements that were
discovered filled these
blanks.

He arranged them by
the following
properties:

Atomic mass
Density
Melting Point
Formula of the
oxide

Patterns emerged
down the groups and
across the periods

Structure of the atom

Electron shells

Atoms are made up of

PROTONS, NEUTRONS
and ELECTRONS.
They are found in the
positions shown on the
diagram.
Particle

Nucleus
containing
protons and

Relative
Mass

Relative
Charge

Proton

+1

Neutron

Electron

1/1840

-1

Electrons fill shells from the middle in

the order of
2, 8, 8, 18 (how many elements are in

Data from Symbols

Top number MASS NUMBER
The number of protons and
neutrons

Bottom number ATOMIC

NUMBER

Al

The number of protons

Protons = 13
(also the same as electrons)

27

13

Electrons = 13
Neutrons = 27-13 = 14

ons and neutrons are packed together tightly in the nucleus (high dens
Electrons are spread out in shells (low density)

Electronic Configuration

Ionic Bonding
Ionic bonds form between METALS and NONMETALS.
Ionic bonding involves the transfer of ELECTRONS.
Metallic Ions are POSITIVELY charged (ANIONS).
Non-metallic elements are NEGATIVELY charged
(CATIONS).
Loose
electr
on

Common Ions
Page 128 of the text book

Properties of Ionic
compounds
Conduct electricity when MOLTEN
(melted) and in an AQUEOUS
SOLUTION (dissolved in water)
DO NOT conduct electricity as a
SOLID
Have high MELTING and BOILING
points
Usually SOLID at ROOM
TEMPERATURE

Solubility and
Precipitates
Precipitates are SALTS that are formed
in chemical reactions that DO NOT
DISSOLVE in the solvent used in the
reaction.

Ion Tests
Ion tests for metals
(ANIONS) are usually
done by FLAME TESTS.
Each ION produces a
certain flame colour.

Testing for CATIONS is done

through chemical testing.
1. Chloride add nitric acid and
silver nitrate, if a white
precipitate forms then
chloride ions are present.
2. Sulphate add hydrochloric
acid and barium chloride, if a
white precipitate forms then
sulphate ions are present.
3. Carbonate add an acid and
if the gas produced turns
limewater MILKY the
carbonate ions were present.

Covalent Bonding
Covalent bonds are usually between
2 non-metals. They are strong bonds.
They involve the sharing of electrons
(shown by dot cross diagrams)

Properties of Covalent
Compounds
Simple Covalent
Small molecules oxygen gas,
carbon dioxide
Low melting and boiling points due to
WEAK bonds between molecules.
Giant Covalent
Giant molecules
High melting and boiling points due
to lots of strong bonds in the
molecule

Diamond and Graphite

Hard
Soft
Giant Structure Layers

Miscible or Immiscible
Miscible substances mix together easily.
They are separated by (FRACTIONAL)
DISTILLATION or CHROMATOGRAPHY.
Immiscible substances do not mix together.
They are like oil (low density) and water
(high density).
They are separated suing a SEPARATING
FUNNEL.

Metallic Bonding
Conduct
electricity due
to the sea of
free electrons
Malleable
(hammer into
shape) due to
layers that can
slip over each

Alkali Metals
React with water to form a
HYDROXIDE (OH-)
More reactive down the group (easier
to loose the outside electron)
1 electron in outer shell (+1 ion)
Increase in density down the group
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uixxJtJP
VXk

Halogens

Fluorine pale green

Chlorine pale yellow
Bromine brown liquid, orange vapour
Iodine Grey solid, purple vapour
7 electrons in outer shell (-1 ion)
Less reactive down the group
More reactive Halogens displace lesser reactive
halogens

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u2ogMUDBa
f4

Displacement Reactions
In a displacement reaction the more
reactive element takes the place of
the lesser reactive element.
For example
Potassium Iodide + Chlorine Potassium Chloride +
Iodine
This happens because CHLORINE is more reactive
than IODINE

Noble Gases

Noble gases are UNREACTIVE.

They have a full outer shell of electrons.
They have a very LOW DENSITY
Uses of HALOGENS:
Helium balloons
Neon Bulbs and lamps
Argon Welding to stop reactions with
OXYGEN

Exothermic and
Endothermic
Exothermic reactions give out heat
energy (feel hot)
Endothermic reactions take in energy
from the surroundings (feel cold)
Energy is created from making and
breaking bonds.
Energy is released from making bonds.
Energy is used to break bonds.

Rates of Reaction

Temperature
Hotter = faster
Concentration
High concentration (more particles) = faster
Surface Area
Big surface area (lots of small pieces) = faster
Catalysts
Adding a catalyst speeds up the reaction but
is never used up (used and then reformed)

Collision Theory
For a reaction to occur then molecules must collide
together with enough energy for the bonds to break.
This causes a chemical reaction and new bonds will
form between the atoms.

If the energy to break

the bonds is more
than that of the bonds
made then the
reaction is
ENDOTHERMIC.
If the energy to break
the bonds is less than
that to make the

Relative Atomic Mass and

Relative Molecular Mass
The relative atomic mass of an atom is the
same as the TOP number (mass number)
E.g. Carbon = 12 Oxygen = 16
The relative formula mass is the total
mass of all atoms in the molecule
E.g. Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
(1 x Carbon) + (2 x Oxygen)
(12) + (2 x 16) = 44

Empirical Formula
From the masses of reactants, it is possible to
calculate anempirical formula.
The empirical formula is the simplest ratio of
atoms of each substance in the formula.

Theoretical Yield (what you

should make)
We can use masses in a reaction to help us calculate the amount of
reactant and product.
Step 1 - Write out the equation for the reaction. Make sure it is
balanced.
Step 2 - Work out the relative masses of the substances needed in
the calculation. Remember to multiply by the number of
molecules that are present.
Step 3 - Convert the relative masses into the units in the question.
Step 4 - Find the ratio by dividing both numbers by the smallest
relative mass.
Step 5 - Find the mass of the unknown by multiplying the mass of
the known by the ratio of the unknown.

Percentage Yield
Percentage Yield =

Actual Yield
X 100

Theoretical Yield
The Actual Yield is how much you
have made from the reaction (from
the question).
The Theoretical Yield is how much
you should make if you have no loss
what so ever (100% efficient).