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modulation was
invented by
____________
Major Edwin
Armstrong
Asuperheterodyne receiver(superhet),
invented by US engineerEdwin
Armstrongin 1918 duringWorld War 1
usesfrequency mixingor
heterodyningto convert a received
signal to a fixedintermediate
frequency(IF), which can be more
conveniently processed than the
originalradiocarrier frequency
In FM, the
information
signal varies the
___________ of the
carrier.
frequency
The amount of
frequency change
from the carrier
center frequency is
called the
_________________.
Frequency
deviation
In PM, the
deviation is
proportional to the
___________ of the
modulating signal.
amplitude
Both FM and PM
are types of
_________
modulations
angle
Both FM and PM
are types of
_________
modulations
angle
Phase modulation
produces _________
modulation
frequency
The FM produced
by PM is called
_________ FM
indirect
Maximum frequency
deviation in a PM signal
occurs where the rate
of change of the
modulating signal
amplitude is greatest,
which is at its
_____________ points
zero-crossing
The amount of
frequency deviation
produced by a phase
modulator increases
with the modulating
__________.
frequency
Low pass
Frequency modulation
produces pairs of
sidebands spaced from
the carrier in multiples
of the ____________
frequency
modulating
modulating
frequency fm
m = fd / fm
deviation
The bandwidth of an
FM signal is
proportional to the
modulation index.
The primary
advantage of FM over
AM is its immunity to
noise
__________.
Limiter circuits in
___________
FM receivers clip off
noise signals.
Another benefit of FM
over AM is the
capture
__________ effect that
allows the strongest
signal on a frequency
to dominate without
interference from the
other signal.
A third benefit of FM
over AM is greater
transmitter efficiency
since class ________
C
amplifiers may be
used.
A major disadvantage
of FM is that its
bandwidth
___________ is wider
than the bandwidth
of AM.
Another
disadvantage of FM is
that the circuits to
produce and
demodulate it are
usually
more
complex
____________ and
expensive than AM
circuits
Noise occurs
primarily at ___________
high
frequencies;
therefore, noise
interferes more with
high modulating
frequencies.
Interference from
high-frequency noise
can be minimized by
boosting the
amplitude of highfrequency modulating
signals prior to
modulation.
This is
pre-emphasis
called ______________.
FM transmitters can
use Class
____________________
amplifiers since
amplitude linearity is
not important.
As FM sidebands
get farther from
the center
frequency, their
power
decreases
________________.
As the FM
modulation index
increases, the
number of
significant
sidebands
increases
____________________.
____________________
Threshold
effect is
characteristic of
FM reception in a
noisy environment.
____________________
effect
is seen when
Capture
an FM receiver is
exposed to two FM
signals that are close
to each other in
frequency.
Frequency
____________________
is theAgility
ability of a
transmitter to
change frequency
without a lot of
retuning.
Reducing the
dynamic range of a
modulating signal
is called
Compression
____________________.
High-level
modulation allows
the RF amplifiers
to operate more
efficiently
____________________.
Low-level
modulation
requires the RF
amplifiers to be
Linear
____________________.
To isolate the
oscillator from
load changes, a
Buffer
____________________
stage is used.
Using a varactor to
generate FM is an
example of a
____________________
Reactance
modulator.
Almost all
modern receivers
use
the
Superheterody
___________________
ne
_ principle
_______ effect
Skin
causes the
resistance of
wire to increase
with frequency.
In a receiver, the
___________________
Front-end
_ refers to the
input filter and
RF stage.
In a superhet,
the output of the
IF the
mixer goes to
____ amplifiers.
In a superhet, the
____________________
intermediate
frequency
is the
(IF)
difference
between
the local oscillator
frequency and the
received signal
frequency.
INTERMEDIATE
FREQUENCIES USED
455kHz forAM,
10.7MHz for FM,
38.9MHz (Europe) or
45MHz (US) for
television
70MHz for satellite and
terrestrial microwave
disadvantage to the
superheterodyne
receiver is the
problem of image
frequency. The image
frequency results in
two stations being
received at the same
Image frequency is an
undesired input
frequency equal to the
station frequency plus
twice the intermediate
frequency.
to reject interfering
signals at the image
frequency is measured by
theimage rejection ratio.
This is the ratio
(indecibels) of the output
of the receiver from a
signal at the received
frequency, to its output
for an equal-strength
The
____________________
AGC
circuit adjusts the
gain of the IF
amplifiers in
response to signal
strength.
In low-side
injection, the local
lower
oscillator is _______
than the received
signal frequency.
igh-side injection(fIF=fLO-fR
ow-side injection(fIF=fRF-fLO
____________________
Selectivity
is the
ability of a
receiver to
separate two
signals that are
close to each other
in frequency.
____________________
Sensitivity
is the ability of a
receiver to receive
and successfully
demodulate a very
weak signal.
A multipleconversion
receiver will have
better rejection of
Image
____________________
frequencies.
A
____________________
discriminator
refers to any kind
of FM or PM
detector.