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Frequency

modulation was
invented by
____________
Major Edwin
Armstrong

Asuperheterodyne receiver(superhet),
invented by US engineerEdwin
Armstrongin 1918 duringWorld War 1
usesfrequency mixingor
heterodyningto convert a received
signal to a fixedintermediate
frequency(IF), which can be more
conveniently processed than the
originalradiocarrier frequency

In FM, the
information
signal varies the
___________ of the
carrier.

frequency

The amount of
frequency change
from the carrier
center frequency is
called the
_________________.
Frequency
deviation

In PM, the
deviation is
proportional to the
___________ of the
modulating signal.
amplitude

Both FM and PM
are types of
_________
modulations
angle

During FM, the


carrier amplitude
remains ________.
constant

Both FM and PM
are types of
_________
modulations
angle

In PM, the phase


shift of the carrier
is varied by the
__________ of the
modulating signal.
amplitude

Phase modulation
produces _________
modulation
frequency

The FM produced
by PM is called
_________ FM
indirect

Maximum frequency
deviation in a PM signal
occurs where the rate
of change of the
modulating signal
amplitude is greatest,
which is at its
_____________ points

zero-crossing

The amount of
frequency deviation
produced by a phase
modulator increases
with the modulating
__________.

frequency

To produce true FM from


a PM signal, the
amplitude of the
modulating signal must
be decreased with
frequency so that
frequency deviation does
not change with
modulating frequency.

In PM, a __________ filter


on the modulating
signal compensates for
increased frequency
deviation at the higher
modulating frequencies

Low pass

Frequency modulation
produces pairs of
sidebands spaced from
the carrier in multiples
of the ____________
frequency

modulating

The modulation index


m of an FM signal is the
ratio of the frequency
deviation fd to the
___________________

modulating
frequency fm

m = fd / fm

The ____________ ratio is


the maximum
frequency deviation
divided by the
maximum modulating
frequency.

deviation

The modulation index


determines the number
of significant pairs of
sidebands in an FM
signal.

The amplitudes of the


carrier and sidebands
vary with the
modulation index and
can be calculated with
a mathematical
procedure known as
the Bessel functions.

The carrier or sideband


amplitudes are zero at
some modulation
indexes

The bandwidth of an
FM signal is
proportional to the
modulation index.

There are two ways


to calculate the
bandwidth of an FM
signal.
a. BW = 2 N fmmax
b. BW = 2(fd max + fm
max)

For FM, the


____________ of
percentage
modulation is the
ratio of the actual
frequency deviation
and the maximum
allowed frequency
deviation multiplied
by 100

The primary
advantage of FM over
AM is its immunity to
noise
__________.

Limiter circuits in
___________
FM receivers clip off
noise signals.

Another benefit of FM
over AM is the
capture
__________ effect that
allows the strongest
signal on a frequency
to dominate without
interference from the
other signal.

A third benefit of FM
over AM is greater
transmitter efficiency
since class ________
C
amplifiers may be
used.

A major disadvantage
of FM is that its
bandwidth
___________ is wider
than the bandwidth
of AM.

The spectrum space


taken up by an FM
signal may be limited
by carefully
deviation
controlling the
__________ ratio.

Another
disadvantage of FM is
that the circuits to
produce and
demodulate it are
usually
more
complex
____________ and
expensive than AM
circuits

Noise occurs
primarily at ___________
high
frequencies;
therefore, noise
interferes more with
high modulating
frequencies.

Interference from
high-frequency noise
can be minimized by
boosting the
amplitude of highfrequency modulating
signals prior to
modulation.
This is
pre-emphasis
called ______________.

passing the modulating


signal through an RC
network that linearly
boosts the amplitude of
2122
Hz
frequencies
above
_________ in proportion
to frequency. This
increases the signal-tonoise ratio at the
higher frequencies.

The effect of preemphasis is corrected


for, in an FM receiver
by de-emphasizing the
higher frequencies by
passing them through
an RC low-pass filter.
De-emphasis
The circuit
is called the
_____________________.
circuit

The pre-emphasis and


de-emphasis networks
have a time constant of
75
us
_______ and a cutoff
frequency of 2122 Hz

FM transmitters can
use Class
____________________
amplifiers since
amplitude linearity is
not important.

As FM sidebands
get farther from
the center
frequency, their
power
decreases
________________.

As the FM
modulation index
increases, the
number of
significant
sidebands
increases
____________________.

____________________
Threshold
effect is
characteristic of
FM reception in a
noisy environment.

____________________
effect
is seen when
Capture
an FM receiver is
exposed to two FM
signals that are close
to each other in
frequency.

The accuracy and


stability of a
transmitter
frequency is fixed
Carrier
by the
____________________
oscillator.

Frequency
____________________
is theAgility
ability of a
transmitter to
change frequency
without a lot of
retuning.

Reducing the
dynamic range of a
modulating signal
is called
Compression
____________________.

High-level
modulation allows
the RF amplifiers
to operate more
efficiently
____________________.

Low-level
modulation
requires the RF
amplifiers to be
Linear
____________________.

To isolate the
oscillator from
load changes, a
Buffer
____________________
stage is used.

Using a varactor to
generate FM is an
example of a
____________________
Reactance
modulator.

The modern way to


make a stable VFO
is to make it part
of a
Phase-locked
____________________
loop.

Almost all
modern receivers
use
the
Superheterody
___________________
ne
_ principle

_______ effect
Skin
causes the
resistance of
wire to increase
with frequency.

In a receiver, the
___________________
Front-end
_ refers to the
input filter and
RF stage.

In a superhet,
the output of the
IF the
mixer goes to
____ amplifiers.

In a superhet, the
____________________
intermediate
frequency
is the
(IF)
difference
between
the local oscillator
frequency and the
received signal
frequency.

INTERMEDIATE
FREQUENCIES USED
455kHz forAM,
10.7MHz for FM,
38.9MHz (Europe) or
45MHz (US) for
television
70MHz for satellite and
terrestrial microwave

disadvantage to the
superheterodyne
receiver is the
problem of image
frequency. The image
frequency results in
two stations being
received at the same

Image frequency is an
undesired input
frequency equal to the
station frequency plus
twice the intermediate
frequency.

to reject interfering
signals at the image
frequency is measured by
theimage rejection ratio.
This is the ratio
(indecibels) of the output
of the receiver from a
signal at the received
frequency, to its output
for an equal-strength

The
____________________
AGC
circuit adjusts the
gain of the IF
amplifiers in
response to signal
strength.

In low-side
injection, the local
lower
oscillator is _______
than the received
signal frequency.

igh-side injection(fIF=fLO-fR
ow-side injection(fIF=fRF-fLO

____________________
Selectivity
is the
ability of a
receiver to
separate two
signals that are
close to each other
in frequency.

____________________
Sensitivity
is the ability of a
receiver to receive
and successfully
demodulate a very
weak signal.

A multipleconversion
receiver will have
better rejection of
Image
____________________
frequencies.

A
____________________
discriminator
refers to any kind
of FM or PM
detector.

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