This section describe the

matrix algebra, especially

multiplication.

Matrices

Matrix
Definition:

A rectangular arrangement
of number in rows and
columns

Generalized form of a Matrix

A matrix A Containing
elements aij has the general
form
a
a
a

A=

11

a
21
a31

12

a22
a32

13

a23
a33

Different types of Matrices

Column Matrix: A vertical set of
numbers in a matrix
5

A=

Example:

Row Matrix :

A horizontal set of
numbers in a matrix

Example:

A = [3 9 6]

Different types of Matrices

Square Matrix - A matrix that
has the equal numbers of rows
and columns
Example
7
0
2
4 3
3

4
2
A = 6 2
A=

Different types of Matrices

Identity Matrix or Unit Matrix:
An identity matrix is a diagonal
matrix in which the diagonal
elements are equal to 1.

A=

1
0

0
1
0

0
0

Different types of Matrices

Zero Matrices

Every element of a matrix is zero, it

is called a zero matrix, i.e.,
A=

0
0

0
0
0

0
0
0

Different types of Matrices

Scalar Matrix
A scalar matrix is a diagonal matrix
in which the diagonal elements are
equal.
2 0 0
A=

2
0

0
2

Dimensions of Matrix
Number of rows by number of
columns of a matrix.
Written in the form
rows columns

Examples:Findthedimensionsof
eachmatrix.
1
2 1

1.A = 0 5
4 8

Dimensions:3x2

2
2.B =
3

4

Dimensions:4x1

0 5 3 1
Dimensions:2x4
3. C =

2 0 9 6

Transpose of a matrix
DEFINITION
Let A be an (m n) matrix. Then at
the transpose of A is the matrix
obtained by interchanging the rows
and columns of A.
Transpose of A denoted by At is an
(n m) matrix

Transpose of a Matrix

Matrix Operations
1. Addition of Matrix
2. Subtraction of Matrix
3. Multiplication of Matrix

Addition of Matrices
IfAandBarebothmnmatricesthenthesumofAandB,
denotedA+B,isamatrixobtainedbyaddingcorresponding
denotedA+B,isamatrixobtainedbyaddingcorresponding
elementsofAandB.
elementsofAandB.
add
these
add
these
add
these
add
these
add these
add these

1 1 1 222 22 2
AA
A 1 1 22 22
AA 0 0 0 111 33 3
0

1
3
0 1 3

3 0 4
333 3000 0 444 4
B

BB
BB
2 2 2311 0144 4 4
B 22 1
1
44
2 1 4

22

2
2
A

AAAABBBB 2
22

2
2222
0
0

6
666
1

Addition of Matrices
To add two matrices, they must have the same
order. To add, you simply add corresponding
entries.
5
3

3
2
4 3
4
7

1
0
3

5 (2) 3 1
3 3
4 0
0 4
7 (3)

3
0
4

2
4
4

Subtraction of Matrices
To subtract two matrices, they must have the
same order. You simply subtract
corresponding entries.

9 2 4 4 0 7 9 4
5 0 6 1 5 4 5 1

1 3 8 2 3 2 1 (2)

20

4
3

05
33
2
5
0

47

6 ( 4)
8 2
3

10
6

Scalar multiplication of matrix

In matrix algebra, a real number is often called a
SCALAR. To multiply a matrix by a scalar,
you multiply each entry in the matrix by that
scalar.

2
4
4

4( 2)

4( 4)

16

4(0)

4( 1)

Multiplying
Matrices

 8 2
3 2 5

7 1 0 1 5

0
3

Theymustmatch.

Dimensions:

2x3

3x2

Thedimensionsofyouranswer.

Order of Matrix
The number of columns in first matrix
must equal number of rows in second
matrix.
Row x Columns = Row x Columns

Following Matrix possible ?

1 1 1 1
0 2 0 2

1 5 1 5
3x23x2
7 0
2 0 0 1
2 4 3

3 1
3x22x3
2 1 3 5
0 0 4 2

2x22x2

NO

YES

0 1
1 2 4
1 4

3 9 9

5 8
2x33x2
3
1 2 1 2

YES

YES

3x11x3
YES

1 0 2
3 1 4 0 1
2 7

5 7 2
3x32x2

NO

Whatisthedimensionofthefollowingproducts,ifpossible?
1 1 1 1
0 2 0 2

1 5 1 5
3x23x2
7 0
2 0 0 1
2 4 3

3 1
3x22x3
2 1 3 5
0 0 4 2

2x22x2

NO

YES
3x3

0 1
1 2 4
1 4

3 9 9

5 8
2x33x2
3
1 2 1 2

YES
2x2

YES
3x3

3x11x3
YES
2x2

1 0 2
3 1 4 0 1
2 7

5 7 2
3x32x2

NO