Chapter 9 Circuit Analysis

Chapter 9
Chapter 9
Principles of Electric Circuits - Floyd
Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall
Chapter 9
Summary
Simultaneous Equations
CircuitanalysismethodsinChapter9requireuseof
simultaneousequations.
To simplify solving simultaneous equations, they
are usually set up in standard form. Standard form
for two equations with two unknowns is
a1,1 x1 a1,2 x2 b1
a2,1 x1 a2,2 x2 b2
coefficients
constants
variables
Chapter 9
Summary
Simultaneous Equations
A circuit has the following equations. Set up the
equations in standard form.
10 270 I A 1000( I A I B ) 0
1000 I B I A 680 I B 6 0
Rearrange so that variables and their coefficients

are in order and put constants on the right.
1270 I A 1000 I B 10
1000 I A 1680 I B 6
Chapter 9
Summary
Solving Simultaneous Equations

Three methods for solving simultaneous equations
are
Algebraic substitution
The determinant method
Using a calculator
Chapter 9
Summary

Solve for IA using substitution.
1270 I A 1000 I B 10
1000 I A 1680 I B 6
Solve for IB in the first equation:
I B 1.270 I A 0.010
Substitute for IB into the second equation:
1000 I A 1680(1.270 I A 0.010) 6
Rearrange and solve for IA.
IA = mA
1134 I A 10.8
Chapter 9
Summary

If you wanted to find IB in the previous example,
you can substitute the result of IA back into one of
the original equations and solve for IB. Thus,
1270 I A 1000 I B 10
1270(9.53 mA) 1000 I B 10

I B 2.10 mA
Chapter 9
Summary

The method of determinants is another approach to
finding the unknowns. The characteristic determinant is
formed from the coefficients of the unknowns.
Write the characteristic determinant for the
equations. Calculate its value.
1270 I A 1000 I B 10
1000 I A 1680 I B 6
1270 1000
1.134
1000 1680
Chapter 9
Summary

To solve for an unknown by determinants, form the
determinant for a variable by substituting the constants
for the coefficients of the unknown. Divide by the
characteristic determinant.
To solve for x2:
Constants
Unknown
b1 a12
a11 b1
variable
b
a
a
b
22
x1 2
x2 21 2
a11 a12
a11 a12
Characteristic
a
a
a
a
21
22
21
22
determinant
Chapter 9
Summary

Solve the same equations using determinants:
1270 I A 1000 I B 10
1000 I A 1680 I B 6
IA
10 1000
6
1680
1270 1000
1000 1680
mA
IB
1270 10
1000
1270 1000
1000 1680
mA
Chapter 9
Summary

Many scientific calculators allow you to enter a set of
equations and solve them automatically. The
calculator method will depend on your particular
calculator, but you will always write the equations in
standard form first and then input the number of
equations, the coefficients, and the constants. Pressing
the Solve key will show the values of the unknowns.
a1,1 x1 a1,2 x2 b1
a2,1 x1 a2,2 x2 b2
Chapter 9
Summary
Branch current method

In the branch current method, you can solve for the
currents in a circuit using simultaneous equations.
Steps:
1. Assign a current in each branch in an arbitrary
direction.
2. Show polarities according to the assigned directions.
3. Apply KVL in each closed loop.
4. Apply KCL at nodes such that all branches are
included.
5. Solve the equations from steps 3 and 4.
Chapter 9
Summary

5.4.
3.
2.
1. Solve
Apply
Show
Apply
Assign
the
polarities
KCL
KVL
aequations
current
at
innodes
each
according
infrom
each
closed
suchsteps
branch
that
to
loop.
the
3alland
in
assigned
Resistors
branches
an4 arbitrary
are
are
(see
included.
directions.
entered
direction.
nextin
slide).
k in this example.
0.270 I1 1.0 I 2 10 0
1.0 I 2 0.68 I 3 6.0 0
I1 I 3 I 2
+ R1
VS1
10 V
270
R3
+ R2
680
1.0 k
VS2
6.0 V
Chapter 9
Summary

(Continued)
In standard form, the equations are

0.270 I1 1.0 I 2
0 10
0 1.0 I 2 0.68 I 3 6.0

I1
I2
I3 0
Solving: I1 = 9.53 mA, I2 = 7.43 mA, I3 = 2.10 mA

The negative result for
I3 indicates the actual
VS1
current direction is
10 V
opposite to the
assumed direction.
R1
270
R3
680
R2
1.0 k
VS2
6.0 V
Chapter 9
Summary
Loop current method

In the loop current method, you can solve for the
currents in a circuit using simultaneous equations.
Steps:
1. Assign a current in each nonredundant loop in an
arbitrary direction.
2. Show polarities according to the assigned direction
of current in each loop.
3. Apply KVL around each closed loop.
4. Solve the resulting equations for the loop currents.
Chapter 9
Summary
Loop current method

1. Show
2.
3.
4.
Solve
Assign
Applypolarities
the
KVL
a current
resulting
around
according
in equations
each
eachnonredundant
closed
to the
for loop.
assigned
the loop
Resistors
loop in
an
direction
currents
arearbitrary
entered
(see
of in
current
direction.
following
k ininthis
each
slide).
example.
loop.
10 0.270 I A 1.0 I A I B 0
1.0 I B I A 0.68 I B 6.0 0
+ R3
+ R1
VS1
10 V
270
Notice that the

polarity of R3 is
based on loop B
and is not the
same as in the
branch current
method.
680 V
+ R2
S2
6.0 V
1.0 k Loop B
Loop A
Chapter 9
Summary
Loop current method

(Continued)
Rearranging the loop equations into standard form:
1.270 I A 1.0 I B 10
1.0 I A 1.68 I B 6.0
I A 9.53 mA
I B 2.10 mA
+ R1
VS1
10 V
I1=IA = 9.53 mA
I2= IAIB = 7.43 mA
I3=IB = 2.10 mA
+ R3
270
680 V
+ R2
S2
6.0 V
1.0 k Loop B
Loop A
Chapter 9
Summary
Loop current method applied to

circuits with more than two loops
The loop current method can be applied to more
complicated circuits, such as the Wheatstone bridge.
The steps are the same as shown previously.
Loop A
R1
680
VS
+15 V
560
R2
680
R3
Loop B 680
R5
Loop C
R4
1.0 k
The advantage to the

loop method for the
bridge is that it has
only 3 unknowns.
Chapter 9
Summary
Write the loop current equation for Loop A in the

Wheatstone bridge:
15 0.68 I A I B 0.68 I A I C 0
Loop A
R1
680
VS
+15 V
560
R2
680
R3
Loop B 680
R5
Loop C
R4
1.0 k
Chapter 9
Summary
Node voltage method

In the node voltage method, you can solve for the
unknown voltages in a circuit using KCL.
Steps:
1. Determine the number of nodes.
2. Select one node as a reference. Assign voltage
designations to each unknown node.
3. Assign currents into and out of each node except the
reference node.
4. Apply KCL at each node where currents are assigned.
5. Express the current equations in terms of the voltages
and solve for the unknown voltages using Ohms law.
Chapter 9
Summary
Node voltage method

Solve the same problem as before using the node
voltage method.
1. Write
There
are
4 in
nodes.
is(for
the this
onenode.
unknown
2.
3.
4.
5.
B
Apply
Currents
is selected
KCL
KCL
are
atassigned
asterms
node
theAreference
A
of
into
the
voltages
and
case).
out
of
(next
nodenode.
slide).
A.
VS 1 VA
I1
R1
VA
I2
R2
I1 I 3 I 2
VS1
10 V
VS 2 VA
I3
R3
R1
270
R3
680
R2
1.0 k
VS2
6.0 V
B
Chapter 9
Summary
Node voltage method

(Continued)
VS 1 VA
VS 2 VA
VA
+
R1
R3
R2
10 VA
6.0 VA
VA
+
0.27
0.68
1.0
0.68 10 VA 0.27 6.0 VA 0.183VA
VA 7.45 V
VS1
10 V
R1
270
R3
680
R2
1.0 k
VS2
6.0 V
B
Chapter 9
Key Terms
Branch One current path that connects two nodes.

Determinant The solution of a matrix consisting of an array
of coefficients and constants for a set of
simultaneous equations.
Loop A closed current path in a circuit.
Matrix An array of numbers.
Node The junction of two or more components.
Simultaneous A set of n equations containing n unknowns,
equations where n is a number with a value of 2 or more.
Chapter 9
Quiz
1. In a set of simultaneous equations, the coefficient

that is written a1,2 appears in
a. the first equation
b. the second equation
c. both of the above
d. none of the above
Chapter 9
Quiz
2. In standard form, the constants for a set of

simultaneous equations are written
a. in front of the first variable
b. in front of the second variable
c. on the right side of the equation
d. all of the above
Chapter 9
Quiz
3. To solve simultaneous equations, the minimum number of

independent equations must be at least
a. two
b. three
c. four
d. equal to the number of unknowns
Chapter 9
Quiz
4. In the equation a1,1x1 +a1,2x2 = b1, the quantity b1

represents
a. a constant
b. a coefficient
c. a variable
Chapter 9
Quiz
3 5
5. The value of the determinant
is
2
8
a. 4
b. 14
c. 24
d. 34
Chapter 9
Quiz
6. The characteristic determinant for a set of simultaneous

equations is formed using
a. only constants from the equations
b. only coefficients from the equations
c. both constants and coefficients from the equations
Chapter 9
Quiz
7. A negative result for a current in the branch method

means
a. there is an open path
b. there is a short circuit
c. the result is incorrect
d. the current is opposite to the assumed direction
Chapter 9
Quiz
8. To solve a circuit using the loop method, the equations

are first written for each loop by applying
a. KCL
b. KVL
c. Ohms law
d. Thevenins theorem
Chapter 9
Quiz
9. A Wheatstone bridge can be solved using loop

equations. The minimum number of nonredundant loop
equations required is
a. one
b. two
c. three
d. four
Chapter 9
Quiz
10. In the node voltage method, the equations are

developed by first applying
a. KCL
b. KVL
c. Ohms law
d. Thevenins theorem
Chapter 9
Quiz
Answers:
1. a
6. b
2. c
7. d
3. d
8. b
4. a
9. c
5. b
10. a

Chapter 9 Circuit Analysis

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Chapter 9

Principles of Electric Circuits - Floyd

Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall

Principles of Electric Circuits - Floyd

Rearrange so that variables and their coefficients

Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall

Solving Simultaneous Equations

Principles of Electric Circuits - Floyd

Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall

Solving Simultaneous Equations

Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall

Solving Simultaneous Equations

1270(9.53 mA) 1000 I B 10

Principles of Electric Circuits - Floyd

Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall

Solving Simultaneous Equations

Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall

Solving Simultaneous Equations

Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall

Solving Simultaneous Equations

Principles of Electric Circuits - Floyd

Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall

Solving Simultaneous Equations

Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall

Branch current method

Principles of Electric Circuits - Floyd

Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall

Branch current method

Principles of Electric Circuits - Floyd

Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall

Branch current method

In standard form, the equations are

0 1.0 I 2 0.68 I 3 6.0

Solving: I1 = 9.53 mA, I2 = 7.43 mA, I3 = 2.10 mA

Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall

Loop current method

Principles of Electric Circuits - Floyd

Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall

Loop current method

1.0 I B I A 0.68 I B 6.0 0

Notice that the

Principles of Electric Circuits - Floyd

Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall

Loop current method

Rearranging the loop equations into standard form:

Principles of Electric Circuits - Floyd

Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall

Loop current method applied to

Principles of Electric Circuits - Floyd

The advantage to the

Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall

Write the loop current equation for Loop A in the

Principles of Electric Circuits - Floyd

Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall

Node voltage method

Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall

Node voltage method

Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall

Node voltage method

Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall

Branch One current path that connects two nodes.

Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall