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DISORDERS
SRIDEVI.R
Introduction
A deformity, dysmorphism, or
dysmorphic feature is a major
difference in the shape of a body part or
organ compared to the average shape of
that part.
Types of deformity
Microtia
Macrotia
Anotia
small ear
large ear
absent ear
Cup-shaped
Lop-ear
Dysplastic
External acoustic meatus
Auricular appendages
Atresia
Duplication
Septation
Normal ear
Lobe ear
Peri auricular fistula
Microtia
Microtia-anotia
Macrotia:
Anotia
Cup-shaped ear
Definition: Small auricles that grow
forward over the meatus. Peterson and
Schimke (1968) observed cup-shaped
ears in members of 5 generations with at
least 4 instances of male-to-male
transmission. Their proband had PierreRobin syndrome[11].
Lop ear
Dysplastic ear
Lobe malformations
Melotia
Low-set ears
Definition: An ear that is set below an
arbitrary line drawn between the lateral
canthus of the eye and the occipital
protruberance is considered low-set.
Etiology: probably multifactorial.
Melotia
Auricular fistula
Definition: Blind-ending narrow tubes or pits. Most are harmless,
occasionally they can get infected, form retention cysts and cause chronic
discharge.
Etiology: Autosomal dominant inheritance with variable expressivity and
incomplete penetrance. Many occur sporadically and are associated with hereditary
deafness. Report of large kindreds such as that of Bhalla et al , in which there are
no associated features or lateral cervical sinuses suggests that this is a distinct
mendelian dominant. The pedigree was traced through seven generations indicated
in the expression of the occurred bilaterally as a small pit just anterior to the crus at
the root of the ascending helix. The abnormality was found to be inherited through
an autosomal dominant gene with incomplete penetrance[16].
Incidence: 0.9% in European populations.
Locations:
Anterior margin of the ascending limb of the helix.
Center of the lobule natural earring hole
Colloaural: from the floor of the external meatus down to the angle of the mandible
Auricular appendages
External otitis
description
Epidemiology
Incidence and prevalence:
Unknown, but higher in the summer and
humid months
People with asthma, eczema, or
allergic rhinitis are three times more likely to
develop otitis externa
Demographics:
All ages affected
Occurs equally in males and females
Causes
Causes:
Gram-positive organisms:
Gram-negative organisms:
Eczema
Psoriasis
Seborrheic dermatitis
Allergies
Rare causes include secondary to primary skin conditions (eczematous otitis externa):
Aspergillus niger (these occur in 10% of otitis externa cases in the U.S.)
Candida albicans
Bacteroides species
Clostridium species
Anaerobic streptococci
Fungi:
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Escherichia coli
Proteus mirabilis
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Anaerobic bacteria:
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococci groups D and G
Herpes simplex
Herpes zoster
A serious cause is P aeruginosa. Aninvasive infection may lead to necrotizing otitis externa
Risk factors:
Diagnostic evaluation
Collaborative therapy
Analgesics
Warm compresses
Cleansing canal
Ear wick
Anti biotic drops
Preventive measures
What is cerumen?
Your health care provider can look into your ears with
a special instrument, called an otoscope, to see if
earwax buildup is present.
How is cerumen impaction treated?
Earwax removal can happen in a few ways; some of
these methods can be done at home.
Cleaning the outside of the ear by wiping with a cloth.
Putting cerumenolytic solutions (solutions to dissolve
wax) into the ear canalthese solutions include
mineral oil, baby oil, glycerin, water, peroxide-based
ear drops (such as Debrox), hydrogen peroxide, and
saline solution.
Animate
In animate
Vegetable
Mineral objects
management
A foreign body in the ear can also damage the eardrum, which
may or may not affect hearing. Because you cant see the
eardrum from the outside, an exam of the ear is recommended.
In the majority of cases, the situation of having something in your
ear will not be life threatening. Usually you will have time to call
your regular doctor. The urgency of the situation primarily
depends on the location of the object and the substance involved.
Button batteries commonly found in many small devices and toys
can decompose enough in the body to allow the chemicals to leak
out and cause a burn. Urgent removal is advised.
Urgent removal is also recommended for food or plant material
(such as beans) because these will swell when moistened.
Urgent removal is indicated if the object is causing significant
pain or discomfort.
treatment
melanomas
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