Escolar Documentos
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Hepatitis B Vaccine
Epidemiology and Prevention of VaccinePreventable Diseases
National Immunization Program
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Revised January 2006
Note to presenters:
Images of vaccine-preventable
diseases are available from the
Immunization Action Coalition website
at http://www.vaccineinformation.org/photos/index.asp
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B Virus
Human carcinogencause of up
to 80% of hepatocellular
carcinomas
Hepatitis B Virus
HBsAg
HBcAg
HBeAg
Hepatitis B Complications
Fulminant hepatitis
Hospitalization
Cirrhosis
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Death
Chronic Hepatitis B
Virus Infection
Chronic viremia
Responsible for most mortality
Overall risk 10%
Higher risk with early infection
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Birth
1-6 mo
7-12 mo
Age of infection
1-4 yrs
5+ yrs
Hepatitis B Epidemiology
Reservoir Human
Transmission Bloodborne
Subclinical cases
transmit
Communicability
Hepatitis B Perinatal
Transmission*
Global Patterns of
Chronic HBV Infection
Year
*2005 provisional total
78,000/yr
Current carriers
>1 million
New carriers
>5,000/yr
Death
5,000/yr
*2001 estimates
Children
Perinatal
Adult
6%
8%
58%
12%
84%
4%
4%
24%
Acute infection
Chronic infection
HCWs
Homosexual men
Heterosexual
Percent infected
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
Years at Risk
12
15
Vaccination of adolescents
Vaccination of adults in high-risk
groups
Hepatitis B Vaccine
1965
1973
1981
1986
1991
1996
Hepatitis B Vaccine
Composition
Efficacy
Duration of
Immunity
Schedule
Recombinant HBsAg
>15 years
3 Doses
Hepatitis B Vaccine
Formulations
Recombivax HB (Merck)
- 5 mcg/0.5 mL (pediatric)
- 10 mcg/1 mL (adult)
- 40 mcg/1 mL (dialysis)
Engerix-B (GSK)
- 10 mcg/0.5 mL (pediatric)
- 20 mcg/1 mL (adult)
Infants**
16%-40%
20%-30%
80%-95%
75%-80%
98%-100%
90%-95%
Recommended Dose of
Hepatitis B Vaccine
Recombivax HB
Engerix-B
Dose (mcg)
0.5 mL (5)
Dose (mcg)
0.5 mL (10)
Adolescents 11-19
years
0.5 mL (5)
0.5 mL (10)
1.0 mL (10)
1.0 mL (20)
Hepatitis B Vaccine
Long-term Efficacy
Immunologic memory
Hepatitis B Vaccine
Hepatitis B Vaccine
Routine Infant Schedule
Minimum
Interval
Dose+
Usual Age
Primary 1
Primary 2
Primary 3
Birth
--1- 2 months 4 weeks
6-18 months* 8 weeks**
Third Dose of
Hepatitis B Vaccine
Preterm Infants
COMVAX
Pediarix
Pediarix
Hepatitis B Vaccine
Adolescent Vaccination
Flexible schedules
Hepatitis B Vaccine
Adolescent and Adult Schedule
Dose
Primary 1
Primary 2
Primary 3
Usual
Interval
Minimum
Interval
--1 month
5 months
--4 weeks
8 weeks*
Alternative Adolescent
Vaccination Schedule
Recombivax HB separated by
4-6 months
Adult Hepatitis B
Vaccine Candidates
Men who have sex with men
Heterosexual with multiple partners
Persons diagnosed with an STD
Prostitutes
Injection drug users
Inmates of long-term correctional facilities
Persons receiving hemodialysis
Healthcare workers
Other Hepatitis B
Vaccine Candidates
Immigrants/refugees*
Adoptees, orphans, unaccompanied minors*
Household members and sex partners of HBV
carriers
Recipients of certain blood products
Twinrix
Schedule: 0, 1, 6 months
Approved for persons >18 years
Alaska Natives
Pacific Islanders
children of immigrants from endemic
countries
family members of HBV carriers
Recommended for:
hemodialysis patients
infants born to HBsAg+ women
sex partners of HBsAg+ person
immunodeficient persons
certain healthcare workers
Management of Nonresponse to
Hepatitis B Vaccine
Persistent Nonresponse to
Hepatitis B Vaccine
May be nonresponder or
"hyporesponder"
Prevention of Perinatal
Hepatitis B Virus Infection
Hepatitis B Vaccine
Adverse Reactions
Pain at injection site
Mild systemic complaints
(fatigue, headache)
Infants and
Adults
Children
13%-29%
3%-9%
11%-17%
0%-20%
1%
0.4%-6%
rare
rare
Hepatitis B Vaccine
Telephone
800.CDC.INFO
nipinfo@cdc.gov
Website
www.cdc.gov/nip