SOAN

Transcultural Nursing

THE PHILIPPINES

is a sovereign island
country in Southeast
Asia situated in the
western Pacific Ocean.
It consists of 7,107
islands that are
categorized broadly
under three main
geographical divisions:
Luzon, Visayas, and
Mindanao. Its capital
city is Manila while its
most populous city is
Quezon City; both are
part of Metro Manila.

FILIPINO CULTURE
Theculture of the Philippineshas been
heavily influenced by bothAsianandWestern
cultures.
Philippine mythology include a collection of
tales and superstitions about magical
creatures and entities. Some Filipinos, even
though heavily Christianized, still believe in
these tales. The prevalence of belief in the
figures of Philippines mythology is strong in
the provinces.

LANGUAGE

CUISINE
Philippine cuisine consists of the food,
preparation methods and eating customs found in
the Philippines. The style of cooking and the food
associated with it have evolved over many
centuries from its Austronesian origins to a
mixed cuisine of Malay, Spanish, Chinese, and
American, as well as other Asian and Latin
influences adapted to indigenous ingredients and
the local palate.

RELIGION

The Philippines is a secular nation with a

constitutional separation of church and state. As a
result of Spanish cultural influence, Religion in the
Philippines is marked by a majority of people being
of the Christian faith (90%). The Philippines is one of
two predominantly Roman Catholic countries in Asia,
the other being East Timor, a former Portuguese
colony. More than 90% of the population are
Christians: about 80.6% belong to the Roman Catholic
Church while about 9.5% belong to Protestant
Christian denominations, such as the Iglesia ni
Cristo, the Philippine Independent Church, United
Church of Christ in the Philippines(a mainline
Protestant United Church), and Jehovah's Witnesses.

FILIPINO AMERICAN
TRANSCULTURATION

FILIPINO AMERICAN POPULATION

Filipino Americans are Americans of Filipino

descent and comprise about 3.4 million people, or
1.1% of the U.S. population. They are the
country's second-largest self-reported Asian
ancestry group after Chinese Americans
according to 2010.

CULTURE

The history of Spanish and American rule and

contact with merchants and traders culminated
in a unique blend of Eastern and Western
cultures in the Philippines, both in appearance
and culture.

LANGUAGE
Filipino and English are constitutionally established as official
languages in the Philippines, and Filipino is designated as the
national language, with English in wide use. Many Filipinos
speak American English due to American colonial influence in
the country's education system. Among Asian Americans in
1990, Filipino Americans had the smallest percentage of
individuals who had problems with English.
Tagalog is the fifth most-spoken language in the United
States, with 1.262 million speakers. ] Many of California's
public announcements and documents are translated into
Tagalog. Tagalog is also taught in some public schools, as well
as in higher education. Another significant Filipino language is
Ilokano. However, fluency in native Filipino languages tends
to be lost among second- and third-generation Filipino
Americans. In 2000, among U.S.-born Filipino Americans,
three quarters responded that English is their primary
language.

COMMUNITY CHALLENGES
Cuisine
Cultural Dissociation
Citizenship
Illegal Immigration
Mistaken Identity
Stereotyping

AUSTRALIA

AUSTRALIA

Australia officially the Commonwealth of

Australia,is a country comprising the
mainland of the Australian continent, the
island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller
islands. It is the world's sixth-largest country
by total area. Neighbouring countries include
Indonesia, East Timor and Papua New Guinea
to the north; the Solomon Islands and
Vanuatu to the north-east; and New Zealand
to the south-east.

ETYMOLOGY

Pronounced in Australian English, the name

Australia is derived from the Latin australis,
meaning "southern". The country has been
referred to colloquially as Oz since the early
20th century.Aussie is a common colloquial
term for "Australian". In neighbouring New
Zealand, and less commonly in Australia
itself, the noun "Aussie" is also used to refer
to the nation, as distinct from its residents.
The sporting anthem C'mon Aussie C'mon is
an example of local use of Aussie as
synonym for Australia.

HISTORY

Human habitation of the Australian continent is

estimated to have begun between 42,000 and 48,000
years ago, possibly with the migration of people by
land bridges and short sea-crossings from what is now
South-East Asia. These first inhabitants may have
been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. At
the time of European settlement in the late 18th
century, most Indigenous Australians were huntergatherers, with a complex oral culture and spiritual
values based on reverence for the land and a belief in
the Dreamtime. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically
Melanesian, were originally horticulturalists and
hunter-gatherers. The northern coasts and waters of
Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from
Maritime Southeast Asia.

GOVERNMENT

Australia is a constitutional monarchy with a

federal division of powers. It uses a
parliamentary system of government with
Queen Elizabeth II at its apex as the Queen
of Australia, a role that is distinct from her
position as monarch of the other
Commonwealth realms. The Queen resides in
the United Kingdom, and she is represented
by her viceroys in Australia (the GovernorGeneral at the federal level and by the
Governors at the state level), who by
convention act on the advice of her
ministers.

GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE

Australia's landmass of 7,617,930 square

kilometres is on the Indo-Australian Plate.
Surrounded by the Indian and Pacific oceans,
it is separated from Asia by the Arafura and
Timor seas, with the Coral Sea lying off the
Queensland coast, and the Tasman Sea lying
between Australia and New Zealand.

The Great Barrier Reef, the world's largest

coral reef, lies a short distance off the northeast coast and extends for over 2,000
kilometres .

ENVIRONMENT

Although most of Australia is semi-arid

or desert, it includes a diverse range of habitat
s from alpine heaths to tropical rainforests, and is
recognised as a megadiverse country.

SOAN PIX\541px-Australia_(
orthographic_projection).svg.png

LANGUAGE

Although Australia has no official language,

English has always been entrenched as the
de facto national language. Australian
English is a major variety of the language
with a distinctive accent and lexicon, and
differs slightly from other varieties of English
in grammar and spelling.

RELIGION

HEALTH

Australia has the fourth highest life

expectancy in the world after Iceland, Japan
and Hong Kong. Life expectancy in Australia
in 2010 was 79.5 years for males and 84.0
years for females. Australia has the highest
rates of skin cancer in the world, while
cigarette smoking is the largest preventable
cause of death and disease, responsible for
7.8% of the total mortality and disease.
Ranked second in preventable causes is
hypertension at 7.6%, with obesity third at
7.5%. Australia ranks 35th in the world and
near the top of developed nations for its
proportion of obese adults.

CULTURE

Since 1788, the basis of Australian culture

has been strongly influenced by Anglo-Celtic
Western culture. Distinctive cultural features
have also arisen from Australia's natural
environment and Indigenous cultures. Since
the mid-20th century, American popular
culture has strongly influenced Australia,
particularly through television and cinema.
Other cultural influences come from
neighbouring Asian countries, and through
large-scale immigration from non-Englishspeaking nations.

ARTS
Australian visual arts are thought
to have begun with the cave paintings,
rock engravings and body painting of
its Indigenous peoples.
The traditions of Indigenous Australians
are largely transmitted orally, through
ceremony and the telling of Dreamtime stories

CUISINE

The food of Indigenous Australians was largely influenced by

the area in which they lived. Most tribal groups subsisted on a
simple hunter-gatherer diet, hunting native game and fish and
collecting native plants and fruit. The general term for native
Australian flora and fauna used as a source of food is bush
tucker. The first settlers introduced British food to the
continent, and much of that is now considered typical
Australian food; the Sunday roast has become an enduring
tradition for many Australians. Since the beginning of the 20th
century, food in Australia has increasingly been influenced by
immigrants to the nation, particularly from Southern European
and Asian cultures. Although the country of origin is largely
disputed between Australia and New Zealand, the meringuebased dessert pavlova has become an icon of Australian
cuisine, popularly served on Christmas Day and usually
garnished with fruit and cream. Australian wine is produced in
60 distinct production areas totalling about 160,000 hectares,
mainly in the southern, cooler parts of the country.

SPORTS

About 24% of Australians over the age of 15

regularly participate in organised sporting
activities. Australia has strong international
teams in cricket, hockey, netball, rugby league,
and rugby union, having been Olympic or world
champions at least twice in each sport in the last
25 years for both men and women where
applicable. Australia is also powerful in track
cycling, rowing, and swimming, having
consistently been in the top-five medal-winners
at Olympic or World Championship level since
2000. Swimming is the strongest of these sports;
Australia is the second-most prolific medal
winner in the sport in Olympic history

AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALANDER

AMERICANS

Since immigration statistics usually combine information

about New Zealand with that of Australia, and because
similarities between the countries are great, they are linked
in this essay also. The Commonwealth of Australia, the
world's sixth largest nation, lies between the South Pacific
and the Indian Ocean. Australia is the only country in the
world that is also a continent, and the only continent that
lies entirely within the Southern Hemisphere. The name
Australia comes from the Latin word australis , which
means southern. Australia is popularly referred to as
"Down Under"an expression that derives from the
country's location below the equator. Off the southeast coast
lies the island state of Tasmania; together they form the
Commonwealth of Australia. The capital city is Canberra.

ACCULTURATION AND
ASSIMILATION

ustralians and New Zealanders in the United

States assimilate easily because they are not a
large group and they come from advanced,
industrialized areas with many similarities to the
United States in language, culture, and social
structure. Data about them, however, must be
extrapolated from demographic information
compiled by the Australian and New Zealander
governments

AFRICA

Africa is the world's second-largest and

second-most-populous continent. At about
30.2 million km2 (11.7 million sqmi)
including adjacent islands, it covers six
percent of the Earth's total surface area and
20.4 percent of the total land area.[2] With 1.1
billion people as of 2013, it accounts for
about 15% of the world's human population.

PREHISTORY

Africa is considered by most paleoanthropologists

to be the oldest inhabited territory on Earth, with
the human species originating from the
continent.[14]During the middle of the 20th
century, anthropologists discovered many fossils
and evidence of human occupation perhaps as
early as 7 million years ago. Fossil remains of
several species of early apelike humans thought
to have evolved into modern man, such as
Australopithecus afarensis (radiometrically dated
to approximately 3.93.0million
years ),Paranthropus boisei(c. 2.31.4million
years BC) and Homo ergaster(c. 1.9million
600,000 years BC) have been discovered.

EARLY CIVILIZATIONS