SOLAR (PHOTOVOLTAIC)

SYSTEM

PRESENTED BY: ENGR. JOSE JAIME BAUTISTA, REE

PREPARED BY: ENGR. ARNEL AGUAS, REE
IIEE-CRCSA

RENEWABLE
ENERGY

Renewable energy is derived from

natural
processes
that
are
replenished constantly. In its various
forms, it derives directly from the
sun, or from heat generated deep
within the earth. Included in the
definition is electricity and heat
generated from solar, wind, ocean,
hydropower, biomass, geothermal
resources,
and
biofuels
and

MAINSTREAM
FORMS OF
RENEWABLE ENERGY

HYDRO POWER
ENERGY
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
WIND ENERGY
WAVE/TIDAL ENERGY
HYDROGEN ENERGY
BIOFUEL/BIOMASS

SOLAR ENERGY

Radiant
Energy
energy

Solar
is
radiation produced by
nuclear fusion inside
the suns core.
It takes millions of
years for the energy in
the suns core to make
its way to the solar
It
takes 8 minutes to
surface.
travel 93 million miles
to earth. (186,000 miles
per second)
The Greenhouse effect
traps some of the heat
making life on earth
possible.

EVEN THOUGH THE

SUN Solar
PROVIDES
ENOUGH
ENERGY
Radiation
ARRIVING
AT THE
EARTH
TO
MEET
OUR DEMANDS FOR
A
WHOLE
YEAR,
THIS
ENERGY
IS
SPREAD ALL OVER
THE SURFACE OF
THE
EARTH,
IS
INTERMITTENT, AND
THEREFORE
REQUIRE A LARGE
AREA TO COLLECT A
USEFUL AMOUNT.

THERE ARE FOUR FACTORS

THAT AFFECTS HOW MUCH
ENERGY ANY LOCATION ON
THE EARTH RECEIVES:

THE
AMOUNT
OF
ENERGY
DELIVERED TO ANY PLACES
DEPENDENT ON TIME OF DAY,
SEASON,
LATITUDE,
AND

Average Daily Solar Insolation Per Year in

Philippines
wind
in
these four factors, Athe
average

Due to
theday
Indian
number of peak sun hours per
varies
Ocean &
from one area of the country to another.
southern
Solar insolation is the solar radiation
incident
Asia that
on an area over time.
brings
Solar insolation is equivalent to solar
energy
rains
and is usually expressed in heavy
kilowatts-hours
in the
per square meter
summer
The Philippine climate is characterized as
monsoonal. The solar resource varies
between the dry season (March May) and
the wet season (November - January).
Nevertheless, the spatial variation of the
solar resource across the Philippines in any
given month is low (approximately 10% to
20%), while the variation between the wet
and dry seasons is quite high (30% to 50%).

Major Uses of Solar Energy

Drying Agricultural
Products
Heating Water
Space Heating
Generating Electrical

Solar
Technologies

THE FOUR TECHNOLOGIES

EMPLOYED TO MAKE USE OF
SOLAR ENERGY ARE:
1. Day lighting- the use of natural
sunlight to brighten the buildings
interior.
Passive Solar
Heatingtakes
advantage of Suns warmth and
materials
that
absorb
that
warmth during the day/release it
at
when
heatHeatingis needed.solar
2. night
Active
Solar
collectors
concentrate the
suns power on dark color plates
that absorb heat. Air or liquid
flows through tubes and warmed
byConcentrating
the plates.
3.
Solar Thermal mirrors direct sunlight on one
point. Water is turned into steam
with this heat. The steam turns a
turbine to create electricity.
4.
Photovoltaic(PV)converts
sunlight directly to electricity.

Photovoltaics
PHOTOVOLTAIC
SYSTEMS CONVERT
SUNLIGHT DIRECTLY
INTO ELECTRICITY,
AND ARE
POTENTIALLY ONE OF
THE MOST USEFUL
OF THE RENEWABLE
ENERGY
ALSO
KNOWN
AS
TECHNOLOGIES.
SOLAR
CELLS,
PV
SYSTEMS
ARE
ALREADY
AN
IMPORTANT PART OF
OUR
LIVES.
THE
SIMPLEST SYSTEMS
POWER
MANY
OF
THE
SMALL

PV Cells
THE PHOTOVOLTAIC
CELL IS THE BASIC
BUILDING BLOCK OF A
PV SYSTEM.
INDIVIDUAL CELLS CAN
VARY IN SIZES FROM
ABOUT 1CM TO ABOUT
10 CM ACROSS.
MOST CELLS ARE
MADE WITH SILICON
TODAY.
SILICON MUST BE
PURIFIED THIS IS ONE
OF THE BIGGEST

Types of PV
Cells
Monocrystalline
silicon
is
used
in
the
manufacturing of high performance solar cells.
Since, however, solar cells are less demanding than
microelectronics
for
as
concerns
structural
imperfections, monocrystaline solar grade (Sog-Si)
is often used. Monocrystalline solar cell is a dark
black colour, and the corners of cells are usually
missing as a result of the production process and
Polycrystalline
also called
polysilicon
the
physical naturesilicon,
of monocrystalline
silicon.

or poly-Si, is a high purity, multicrystalline form of

silicon, used as a raw material by the solar
photovoltaic
and
electronics
industry.
Polycrystalline is identifieable by its signature
light or dark blue colour, but not uniformly so:
some patches are lighter than others.

The differences in appearance come about as a result of the

manufacturing process. Lab efficiencies of 25.0 percent for mono-Si cells
are the highest in the commercial PV market, ahead of polysilicon with
20.4 percent.

A PV cell is made from a thin disc of

almost pure silicon crystal called silicon
wafer.
A small amount of boron is added. The
boron gives the crystal structure a
positive electrical characteristic. Since
this part has a positive characteristic it is
referred to as a P type silicon and it
forms the base of the cell.
A thin layer of silicon crystal is formed
over the disc of P type silicon. This time
a small amount of phosphorous is added
to the mixture. The phosphorous mixture
creates a negative characteristic and thus
is referred to as an N type silicon.
When light penetrates to the junction of
the N and P type silicon layers it
creates a flow of electrons throughout the
crystal structure. This flow of electrons
occurs because sunlight is composed of
photons, or particles of solar energy.
When sunlight strikes a PV cell, some
photons are absorbed. When enough
sunlight (energy) is absorbed by the
material (called a semiconductor),
electrons are dislodged from the
materials atoms.

PV Cells

Conversion Efficiency
National Renewable Energy

THE CONVERSION EFFICIENCY

OF A PV CELL IS THE
PROPORTION OF SUNLIGHT
ENERGY THAT THE CELL
CONVERTS INTO ELECTRICAL
ENERGY.
THIS IS VERY IMPORTANT
BECAUSE IMPROVING THIS
EFFICIENCY IS VITAL TO
MAKING PV ENERGY
COMPETITIVE WITH MORE
TRADITIONAL SOURCES OF
ENERGY, SUCH AS FOSSIL
FUELS.
THE FIRST PV CELLS WERE
CONVERTING LIGHT TO
ELECTRICITY AT 1 TO 2
PERCENT EFFICIENCY.
TODAYS PV DEVICES

Laboratory -located in Golden,

Colorado, is the US primary
laboratory for renewable
energy & energy efficiency
research & development, a
government-owned funded
through the U.S. Department
of Energy. Its motto Leading
clean energy innovation.
Established in 1974, research
type Energy Efficiency &
Renewable Energy, with 1,620
full-time staffs, 678 visiting
researchers, interns &
contractors as of July 2014.

PV Array
Components

1.
CELL
2.
MODULE
3.
ARRAY

PV System Components

Solar cells produce direct current (DC),

therefore they are only used for DC
equipments. If alternating current (AC)
is needed for AC equipments or backup
energy is needed, solar photovoltaic
systems require other components in
addition to solar modules. These
components are specially designed to
integrate into solar PV system, that is
to say they are renewable energy
products
or
energy
conservation
products
and
one
or
more
of
components may be included depending
on the type of application. The
components of a solar photovoltaic
system
are:
5. Lightning
protection prevents
electrical
equipments
from
damages caused by lightning or
induction of high voltage surge.
It is required for the large size
and critical solar PV systems,
2. Solar
Charge
which
include
the Controller
efficient
grounding.
regulates
voltage
and

current from solar arrays,

charges
the
battery,
prevents
battery
from
overcharging
and
also

Solar Module
is the
4.1. Inverter
is a critical
essential of
component
of
component
any solar PV
any solar
PV converts
system that
system
that
DC
converts
sunlight
power
output of
solar
directlyinto AC
into for DC
arrays
AC
electricity
appliances

3. Battery stores current

electricity that produces
from solar arrays for using
when
sunlight
is
not
visible, night time or other

IN
ORDER
TO Fields
PV
Array
GENERATE LARGE
AMOUNTS OF
ELECTRICITY WHICH
CAN BE FED INTO THE
ELECTRIC GRID, LARGE
NUMBER OF ARRAYS
CAN BE WIRED
TOGETHER TO FORM
AN ARRAY FIELD.
PHOTOVOLTAIC
SYSTEM IS IDEAL FOR
REMOTE
APPLICATIONS
WHETHER OTHER
POWER SOURCES ARE
IMPRACTICAL OR

Solar Modules
Orientation

SOLAR MODULE TILT

MOST RESIDENTIAL SOLAR
MODULES ARE FLAT PANELS THAT
CAN BE MOUNTED ON A ROOF OR
ON THE GROUND. CALLED FLATPLATE MODULES, THESE ARE
TYPICALLY FIXED IN A TILTED
POSITION CORRELATED TO THE
LATITUDE OF THE LOCATION. THIS
ALLOWS THE MODULE TO BEST
CAPTURE THE SUN. THESE
MODULES CAN USE BOTH THE
DIRECT RAYS FROM THE SUN AND
REFLECTED LIGHT THAT COMES
THROUGH A CLOUD OR OFF THE
GROUND.

OPTIMAL TILT ANGLE FOR SOLAR

ALTHOUGH
OPTIMAL
ANGLE
COLLECTORTHE
IS AN
ANGLE TILT
EQUAL
TO FOR THE SOLAR MODULE IS AN
ANGLE
EQUAL TO THE LATITUDE, MOUNTING THE SOLAR MODULE FLAT ON
THE LATITUDE.
AN ANGLED ROOF WILL NOT RESULT IN A BIG DECREASE IN SYSTEM
PERFORMANCE AND IS OFTEN DESIRABLE FOR AESTHETIC REASONS. YOU

ADVANTAGES OF SOLAR ENERGY

Looking at this source of energy as a whole, we
can say the advantages greatly outweigh the
disadvantages, and solar energy is one of the best
option for our future energy needs.
1. Clean
2. Sustainable
3. Free
4. Provide electricity to remote areas.
5. Very low maintenance costs, which will make solar
energy affordable for the individual.
6. Room for growth in efficiency and usage. Ex: Plants
turn sunlight into energy (photosynthesis) to grow
this relationship could possibly help us develop
better ways and absorbing solar energy.

DISADVANTAGES OF SOLAR ENERGY

1. Many people question the value for money of solar
energy, or are not convinced renewable energy is
completely sustainable.
2. You cant always rely on a consistent source of solar
energy. (Atmospheric conditions will affect efficiency of
solar energy)
3. Geographic locations and atmospheric conditions
directly relate to efficiency of energy.
4. Limitations in current technology make for high startup a cost which significantly reduces the amount of
people switching to more renewable sources.
5. Technology also limits efficiency of energy. Ex: Solar
Panels: are grossly inefficient, when compared to
natures own systems (photosynthesis).

CONCLUSION
Most of the negative aspects of solar energy stem
from
peoples
doubts
or
misunderstandings
related to the renewable energy source. Other
negatives like, our technological limitations, can
and will be solved with greater research and
understanding of the world around us.
Renewable energy cannot have anything but a
positive effect on our world. With less pollution
from the traditional fossil fuels and more
individuals taking their energy needs into their
own hands, we can make the world a better place.
When it comes to renewable energy, it is not a
question of how, because it will overtake fossil
fuels as the predominant source of energy we
consume, but a question of when, and how much

SOLAR
(PHOTOVOLTAIC)
POWER SYSTEM
CALCULATION

REFERENC
ES

1.
2.
3.
4.

ecovized.com
www.alternative-energy
kennedyapes.weebly.com
www.need.org

-THE
ENDTHANK