AWALIA SABIYLA NAYU 11211144021

IKA ALYA IQLIMA G 11211144024

DWIANSARI RAMADHANI 11211144027

ETHNOGRAPHIES

Ethnographies
Speech

is used different ways among

different group of people
Language is used to sustain reality

Varieties of Talk
!Kung:

talk to resolve the kinds of

tension and keep in touch
Western Apache: silence as
communicate
Roti: talk as one of the great
pleasures of life
What we need is some kind of
general scheme to make systematic
observations about the different
ways people use to talk.

ETHNOGRAPHY OF SPEAKING

 Communicative

Competence: the
ability to know how to use language
in order to do certain things that
people do with that language.

Communicative

competence is the
key component of social
competence.

 Ethnography

of speaking: a
description of all the factors that are
relevant in understanding how that
particular communicative event
achieve its objective.
Dell Hymes (1974) made a formula
to identify the factors.
S-P-E-A-K-I-N-G

S-P-E-A-K-I-N-G
S Setting and Scene
: Setting refers to time and place (physical
circumstances) e.g.: living room
: Scene refers to psychological setting
(situation) or cultural definition of the
occasion.
e.g.: seriousness, happiness
P Participants
: Speaker and audience
e.g.: speaker-hearer, addressor-addressee,
sender-receiver.

S-P-E-A-K-I-NG
E Ends
: Purpose or goals of the utterances
or communication event.
A Act Sequence
: Form and order of the event.
Different forms will have a different
kinds of language and different
things to talk about.

S-P-E-A-K-I-N-G
K Key
: tone, manner in which a particular
message is conveyed.
Example: serious, sarcastic, mocking
know by the gesture, posture, etc
I Instrumentalities
: the choice of channel.
Channel: oral, written, telegraphic, and
actual forms of speech employed
language, dialect, code, register, that is
chosen.

S-P-E-A-K-I-N-G
N Norms of interaction and interpretation
: Social rules governing the event and
the participants' actions and reactions.
Example: loudness, silence

G Genre
: type or kind of utterances
e.g.: poems, proverbs, riddles, prayers,
lectures

S-P-E-A-K-I-NG
SPEAKING

formula is a very
necessary reminder that talk is a
complex activity.
To make the talk to be
successful, the speaker must
reveal the sensitivity and
awareness of each of the 8
factors.

A branch of sociology -> concerned

with
talk viewed.
Ethnomethodology

Interested in -> process and techniques

people use -> interpret he world & interact
with that world.

Focus

->
existence.

phenomena

of

everyday

Aim -> study the process of sense making

(Leiter).

Such matters:
People
Solve

interact

problems
Routine

Maintain

contact

social

Show

activities

knowledge

Communicate

that knowledge

Sharing certain background

assumptions, communication is
possible.

Sacks:
The baby cried. The mommy picked it
up.

Membership categorization
devices.
-> assign certain meanings to word
like baby and mommy.

 To

interpret particular sentences/sets

of sentences, we must have
knowledge of the categories that
speakers find relevant (Sacks).

Categories

knowledge -> the

mommy must be the mother of the
baby.

Ethnomethodology adopt
phenomenological view of the
world.
> human interaction much in verbal

interaction, its attention is on how

they use language in relationship to
others.

Commonsense knowledge -> variety of things.

> understandings, recipes, maxims, definition
employed in daily lives.
example: thunder followed lightning, how to make
telephone call, houses are places to live in.
These types are to categorize what is out there

and interpret what happens out there.

These are acquired through experience.
Different experience, different knowledge.

Commonsense knowledge also tells us that

the world exists.
Situations and events re-occur, yesterday
and today still valid today and will be valid
tomorrow.

Practical reasoning -> the way people

make use of their commonsense

language in everyday lives.
How they assume.
How they select matters to deal with.
What they never question.

Scribner (1977)
Little or no formal education people ->
solve problem based on experience, no
logical thinking.

 Each

party had to know a lot about

the other: topic, kind of exchange
the conversation was, tolerate
considerable inexplicitness in what
was actually said.

Look at the exchange

below
Husban No, to the shoe No, I stopped at the record
d
repair shop
store on the
way to get him and stopped at
the shoe
repair shop on the way home
when he
was with me.
Wife

What for?

I know of one reason why you

might have
stopped at the shoe repair shop.
Why did
you in fact?

Husban
d

I got some new

shoe laces for
my
shoes.

As you will remember, I broke a

shoe lace
on one of my brown oxfords the
other

 Understanding

develops as the
conversation develops.

That

understanding depends on the

willingness of each party to work
with the other to develop a common
scheme of interpretation for what is
being talked about.

The reaction of suspicion or

hostility
On Friday night my husband and I were watching television.
My husband remarked that he was tired. I asked, How are
you tired? Physically, mentally, or just bored?
S: I dont know, I guess physically, mainly.
E: You mean that your muscles ache, or your bones?
S: I guess so. Dont be so technical.
(After more watching.)
S: All these old movies have the same kind of old iron
bedstead in them.
E: What do you mean? Do you mean all old movies, or
some of them, or just
the ones you have seen?
S: Whats the matter with you? You know what I mean.
E: I wish you would be more specific.
S: You know what I mean! Drop dead!

 People

are in difficulties to act or

pretend as they are not in to be.
In other word, we accept the world
for what it is, we accept certain
norms.

Ethnomethodology ?
People

use language not only to

communicate in a variety of ways
but also to create a sense of order in
everyday life.

Discussion

Varieties of Talk
Why

do you greet each other? When

do you greet? Who speak first?

What is the appropriate ethnography of

speaking of it?

(choose

one) asking for a date or

giving bad news

Which one is unusual or

abnormal?
Bad

service in a restaurant
A bad day at the office
Strange behavior on the street
whats up with Fred today?