Communication

between
Nerve Cells.
V. Sutarmo Setiadji

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Multicellular organism
- Function as one individu
From Latin word which mean
can not be devided -->
Individu with one personallity
- Ech cell in the organism can
communicate to each other
- Each cell is equiped with many kinds
of communication tools

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Cell membrane
The important part of the cell that
participate in communication is the cell
membrane. It is important that you
know the structure of the cell membrane

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Cell membrane is composed mostly by

lipid bilayer. Lipid molecule has two part:
Head, which is hydrophilic
Water

love

Water soluble
Tail, which is hydrophobic
Water Afraid

Water insoluble
So, if one piece of membrane which is composed from one layer
of lipid
molecules is incubated toVSSthe water, automatically it will5
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make a two layers

Structure of the Cell Membran

(Plasma Membrane)
Lipid bilayer
Hydrophilic head
Hydrophobic tail

Fatty acid molecules

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If the cell membrane is composed only

from lipid bilayer, water and electrolytes
which are needed by the cell, can not pass
the membrane. For this reason, the cell
membrane is equiped with membrane
proteins which function as chemical
receptors, ion channels, enzymes, gap
junction, transporters, etc.
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Receptor and Ion channel

Ion channel molecule
Receptor
Ligand
Na+
EXTRACELL

INTRACELL
Ion channel is closed

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Ion channel is opened.

Na+ from the external of the cell
enter the cell passively.

Ligand gated Ion Channel

Neurotransmitor
Reseptor

Reseptor mengikat
neurotransmitor

Na+

EKSTRASEL

INTRASEL
Kanal ion tertutup

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Kanal ion terbuka

Ionotropic receptor
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Reseptor
ligan

adenilil siklase

Intrasel

GDP Protein g

Kanal ion

Metabotropic receptor
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Other kinds of ion channels

-- Mechanically gated
-- Voltage gated
-- Thermal gated
-- Etc.
Ion channel molecule
Na+
EXTRACELL

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INTRACELL
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Ion channel is closed

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Cell membrane separates the intracellular

components and the extracellular
components.
Kadar(mM)kationdananion
Zat terlarut

Na+
K+
Ca++
Mg++
Cl-1
HCO3-1
HPO4=
Protein-1
Anion lain
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Cairan antarsel
145
4,5
1,8
2
100
24
2
16
8
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Cairan intrasel
15
150
10-7
2
12
4
40-95
54
31-86
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The different composition of the intraand extracellular fluid make a 70 mV

potential different between intra- and
extracellular fluid in neuron. In resting cell,
this potential different is called resting
membrane potential the cell has
-70 mV potential it mean that intracell
is more negative than extracell.
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Muscle cell has potential about 90 mV.

Because of this potential different
between intra- and extracell, nerve and
muscle tissues are sensitive to stimulus,
especially electrical stimulus they
have a special characteristic which is
called excitable tissue. The other cell
that also include to excitable tissue is
glands.But almost all cell in the body are
sensitive to a special stimulus.
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Reaction of cell to stimulus.

Neurotransmitter
Receptor

Receptor binds to neurotransmitter

EXTRACELL

Na+

INTRACELL
Ion channel close

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Ion channel open

Binding of neurotransmitter to receptor open the ion channel

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In nerve cell, the neurotransmitter stimulate

the opening or closing of ion channel, or
other reaction.
Opening of sodium channel, make sodium
ions penetrate the channel and enter the cell.
This make the cell depolarise decrease
the potential different between intra- and
extracell. For example from -70 mV to
-50 mV. The amplitude of depolarisation is
depend to the intensity of stimulus
graded potential.
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Nerve cell = Neuron

Dendrit

Soma

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Axon hillock

Node of Ranvier

Schwann cell

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Terminal button

Axon terminal

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This kind of depolarization can happen

in many places in soma and dendrite of
nerve cell and will be summed.
If the sum of the depolarization in axon
hillock reach certain value called firing
level, it will stimulate the opening of
voltage gated Na+ channel and more
and more depolarization in the axon
hillock. This depolarization become
very fast and is called action potential.
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This action potential will induce other

action potential in the nearest node of
Ranvier of the axon and then action
potential in the node of Ranvier will
also induce action potential in the next
node of Ranvier. So the action potential
will be conducted by saltatory
conduction to the axon terminal.
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0 mV

- 50
- 70

Stimulus
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The conducted action potential is called

impulse. In the terminal button the
impulse will depolarize its membrane
and make voltage gated Ca2+ channel
open Ca2+ ion enter the cell bind
to calmodulin to become
Ca-calmodulin. In the terminal button
Ca-calmodulin stimulate a cascade of
chemical reaction that result in
exocytosis of neurotransmitter.
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Exocytosis is the release of

neurotransmitter to the synaptic cleft.
Vesikel berisi
neurotransmitor
Lempeng sinaps
Celah sinaps

Neurotransmitor

Membran pascasinaps

Reseptor dan kanal ion

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Sel Saraf = Neuron

Dendrites

Soma

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Node of Ranvier
Axon hillock
Axon

Schwann cell

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Terminal button

Axon terminal

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By exocytosis, neurotransmitters are

secreted to the synaptic cleft and will
diffuse to the postsynaptic membrane
and bind to their specific receptors
and make depolarization and action
potential in the next cells. By this
mechanism, the impulse is conducted
to the next neuron or effector.

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A special circuit of neurons (reflex arc)

a
can contain only 1 synapse (monosynaptic) or many synapses (multisynaptic) circuit. Neuron, where it is
located, always connected to the other
neuron/s through many synapses
making circuits. The circuit can already
has a function or not yet.
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Reflex arc as a smallest unit of neuron circuit

Afferent fiber

Skin

Sense organ
Efferent fiber

Central
nervous
system

Muscle (as an effector)

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Definition of reflex
A long distance pathway process
initiate by a stimulus or a change in the
environment as an information which is
received by sense organ, integrates the
information, and uses the nervous
system, endocrine system, or both, to
react appropriately.
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Upper motor neuron

Afferent fiber

Skin

Central
nervous
system

Sense organ
Efferent fiber

Muscle
(as an effector)
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A reflex arc contains a sensory

receptor, afferent or sensory fiber,
central nervous system as an
integratve center, efferent or motor
fiber, and an effector.
A reflex arc maybe already to
function or not yet.To function
effectively the reflex arc must be
conditioned. Pavlov experiment shows
how to make a reflex arc to function.
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Pavlov experiment

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Lower motor neuron

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In a reflex arc, muscle is one of

an effector. There are 4 kinds of
effectors:
- Skeletal muscle
- Smooth muscle
- Heart
- Gland (exocrine & endocrine)
Somatic reflex skeletal muscle
Autonomic reflex heart, smooth
muscles, and glands
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The sense organ it may a special

receptor cells (rods and cones in eyes,
hair cells in cochlea and vestibular
apparatus, receptor cells in taste buds)
or the end of sensory nerve fiber in
other senses with or without special
structures.
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