LIPIDS

Chem 161 Sat 8:30-11:30

LIPIDS
Compounds with preponderance of
nonpolar groups
Limited solubility in water
Soluble in organic solvents, e.g. acetone
and chloroform

FATTY ACIDS
contains a COOH group
contains both polar (-COOH)
and nonpolar (hydrocarbon)
groups
amphipathic

SATURATED FATTY ACIDS

UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS

Exists in cis form

What happens to the melting point of the acids

as the length of the carbon chain grows?
Why?

Which of the fatty acids are monounsaturated?

Polyunsaturated?
For monounsaturated FAs, do we observe the
same relationship with the length of the chain
and their melting points?
What pattern can be observed on the PUFAs melting point,
whose length of carbon chain is the same?

What is the effect of the double bonds on the intermolecular

force of these PUFAs?

ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS

Needed in the human body that must be
obtained from dietary sources because it
cannot be synthesized within the body, in
adequate amounts

ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS

Why are we talking about fatty acids?

TRIACYLGLYCEROLS
Storage lipids
Also known as fats/oils, triglycerides

TRIACYLGLYCEROLS
Main reserve of energy (9 kcal/g), as
compared to carbohydrates
and proteins (4 kcal/g)
Stored in adipose tissues

TRIACYLGLYCEROLS

Simple triacylglycerol

TRIACYLGLYCEROLS

Mixed triacylglycerol

Fats and oils? What is the difference?

Fat
Generally from animals

Oil
Generally from plants

What causes the difference in their

physical states?

Fat

Oil

REACTIONS
Hydrolysis

REACTIONS
Hydrogenation

REACTIONS
Oxidation

Antioxidants are usually added: BHT

(butylated hydroxytoluene) and BHA
butylated hydroxyanisole

PHOSPHOACYLGLYCEROL

Component of membranes

PHOSPHOACYLGLYCEROL
Basis of classification

PHOSPHOACYLGLYCEROL
Basis of classification

WAXES
Esters from long chain alcohol (fatty
alcohol) and long chain carboxylic acid
(fatty acid)
Protective coating

Component of carnauba wax

WAXES
Esters from long chain alcohol (fatty
alcohol) and long chain carboxylic acid
(fatty acid)
Protective coating

Component of spermaceti

Sperm Whale

SPHINGOLIPIDS
Found in the nervous system

SPHINGOLIPIDS
Found in the nervous system

Serves as coating of the myelin sheath

GLYCOLIPID

Serves as markers for cellular recognition

GLYCOLIPID

Found in nerve tissues

STEROIDS

What is common to all these steroids?

STEROIDS
Presence of this ring system

STEROIDS
Presence of this ring system

Cholesterol

Component of membrane and starting

material for other steroidal compounds
Transported by HDL and LDL

BILE ACIDS

Functions as emulsifying agents

SEX HORMONES

ADRENOCORTICOID HORMONES
Produced by the adrenal glands

BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES
Made up mostly of the lipid bilayers

Made up of phosphoglycerides, glycolipids, cholesterol (phytosterols)

BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES
Made up mostly of the lipid bilayers

Made up of phosphoglycerides, glycolipids, cholesterol (phytosterols)

BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES

BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES

Fatty acid profile of the membrane determines

its fluidity

BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES

Presence of cholesterol decreases the fluidity

of the membrane

BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES

Proteins are also found in the lipid bilayer

Integral and peripheral protein
Functions as transport and receptor

BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES

Proteins are also found in the lipid bilayer

Integral and peripheral protein
Functions: transport, receptor, catalysis

FLUID MOSAIC MODEL

Accepted model of the biological

membrane

TRANSPORT
Two kinds based on use of energy
a. Passive transport substance moves from
higher concentration to lower
concentration
b. Active transport substance moves against
a concentration gradient

PASSIVE TRANSPORT
Simple diffusion
-commonly seen in gases

Facilitated diffusion
-assisted by
protein carriers

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES

Proteins are also found in the lipid bilayer

Integral and peripheral protein
Functions: transport, receptor, catalysis

RECEPTOR

EICOSANOIDS
Derived from arachidonic acid

Prostaglandins, leukotrienes,
thromboxanes

PROSTAGLANDINS

Induction of inflammation, control of blood

pressure, stimulation of smooth muscle
contraction, inhibit platelet aggregation

LEUKOTRIENES

Play a role in
smooth muscle
constriction, like
in asthma attacks

THROMBOXANES

induce platelet
aggregation and smooth
muscle contraction

What are the functions of

lipids? A polar bear asked me.

FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS

VITAMIN A

VITAMIN A

An aldehyde

VITAMIN A