OLEH :

YUNI KILAWATI S.PI.,M.SI

DESCRIPTION
Integumentary system or skin is body skin

and derivates.

All of the fish body covered by skin except

eyes (tranparently skin)

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Fins are supported by rays which are
FINS

connected to the musculoskeletal system.

There are two types of rays:
Soft: flexible rays made of dermal bone
segments arranged end to end in a line
Spines: stiff, unjointed, mineralized rays.
These are found on dorsal, anal, and pelvic
fins of higher fish

Unpaired Fins:
Dorsal: 1 or more. In higher fish the

anterior portion (or first fin) is supported by

spines. The dorsal fin(s) are used for rapid
changes of direction
Caudal: Primary fin used for locomation;
shape varies with motion type used by species
Anal

Paired Fins:
Pectorals: soft rayed only. They are attached

to the pectoral girdle at the posterior border

of the gill cavity. They are used to stabilize
and change direction
Pelvic: variable location thoracic or
abdominal. Higher fish have thoracic pelvic
fins. They are used to stabilize and brake

Skin
Epidermis:
Simple stratified squamous, but
nonkeratinized surface layer
Mucous glands: unicellular, produce mucin
for cuticle
Alarm (club) cells: produce pheromones
which cause other fish to flee; no connection
to skin surface, so pheromones only released
when tissues damaged

Cuticle: a protective substance which coats

the skin. It consists of mucin,

immunoglobulins, etc, and is anti-pathogenic.
Handling of fish should be gentle and minimal
wear wet latex-like gloves.

Dermis
CT, vessles, nerves
Scales: protective calcified plates which originate

in the dermis; usually covered with epidermis

Placoid scales: a plate beneath the skin with a
raised, exposed portion; includes a pulp cavity and
dentin (sharks)
Ganoid scales: rhomboid shape, overlapping (gar)
Cycloid scales: ovoid, smooth edges (lower
teleosts)
Ctenoid scales: comblike with minute spikes on
caudal edge (higher teleosts)
Absent in some species (agnatha, catfish)

Lateral line: A sensory mechanism which

consists of a series of pores running along

both sides of the body. The pores lead to
mechanoreceptors which transmit information
about water pressures, currents, and sound.

Hypodermis:

Spongy CT and adipose tisssue; contains

melanocytes
Skin factors to consider during surgery:

Incision should be cranial-caudal, as

tension lines run dorsal-ventral

Nonabsorbable suture recommended

because wet absorbable can pull in bacteria
Close with minimal tension and make knots
far from incision, because fish tissue breaks
easily

COLOR
Specialized skin cells allow amazing variety in fish

coloration.
Chromatophores contain pigments (ex.
Melanophores contain melanin) and iridophores
contain reflective substances (ex crystals).
Rapid color change is produced by movemant of
pigment within the dendritic chromatophores,
while long term changes are produced by changes
in the number of cells.
Control is hormonal (ex melanocyte stimulating
hormone) and neural.
Coloration is used for mimicry, species distinction,
and sexual dimorphism.

FUNCTION
First body devenses from pathogen
Harm environment protections
Excretion and osmoregulations
Inhalation supporting
Poisonous gland productions
Colour sources
Light sources
Odour and mucus secretions

STRUCTURE
Skin is composed of three layers:

1. Epidermis
2. Dermis
3. Stratum spongiosum

 1. epidermis
2. dermis (stratum compactum)
3. hypodermis

(areolar connective
tissue)
4. epithelial cells
5. alarm cells
6. wandering leukocytes
7. chromatophores
(melanocytes)
8. arteriole and venule.

EPIDERMIS

Ceratin producing
Wet causing mucus (produced by all part of

body)
Part of inside always active for cleavage to cell
repairing or growth
This layer called GERMINATIVUM

EPIDERMIS

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM: Caudal

peduncle, longitudinal section
(Formalin,H&E, Bar = 31.7 m).
1. epidemis
2. scale pocket
3. dermis (stratum compactum)
4. muscle
5. scales
6. squamous epithelial cells
7. undifferentiated basal cells
8. alarm cell
9. mucous cells
10. taste bud.

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM: Scale

(Unstained, Bar = 175 m).
1. Radii
2. Circuli
3. Focus
4. lateral line pore
(not always present).

CELL PIGMENT

DERMIS
Contain of collagen fiber , the thick cell
For the fish with scale useful to scale

producing (integument derivate)

DERMIS

ORGANS ON SKIN
1. MUCUS
2. SCALE
3. COLOUR
4. LIGHT ORGAN
5. POISONOUS GLAND

MUCUS
Composed primarily of glycoprotein

(called mucin)become mucus if elaborate

with water
Thick mucus found in fish without scales
Function :
- scratch decrease during swimming
- water flow protection
- body devense from bacterial
- lesion covering
- wet protection
- nest maker

skin - mucous cells

Examples:
African fish summer sleep inside the

nest that make from mud and mucus.

Tricogaster trichopterus (sepat Jawa)& T.
pectoralis (sepat siam) make the nest
from mucus to save their egg.

Scales
Called dermis scale
Very hard on primitive fish Pada ikan primitif

constitute outer scale.

Modern fish has the thin scale and flexible

Scale types:
1. COSMOID
2. GANOID
3. PLACOID
4. CYCLOID
5. CTENOID

Cosmoid scales of the Queensland Lungfish.

Photo: C. Bento Australian Museum.
COSMOID :

- Be a fossil
- Part of :
*virodentin (outer)
*cosmine (inner)
*isopedine (inner)
Comprise bone and
& little vessel.

Ganoid scales of the Florida Gar, Lepisosteus

platyrhincus. Photo: C. Bento Australian
Museum.

GANOID

- Found in Actinopterigii
- The outer layer contain of
Organic Citrate ganoine

Placoid scales of the

Broadnose Sevengill Shark. Photo: S.
Lindsay Australian Museum
PLACOID

- Found in chondrichtyes
- Shape like a spine
(same as teeth
composer)
- enamel as a outer
layer that cover dentin
layer, have canaliculi
inside dentin ( have
blood vessel and peak
nerve dermis)

Cycloid scales of Jungle Perch, Kuhlia

rupestris. Photo: C. Bento Australian
Museum.
CYCLOID found in
osteichtyes
- cycloid scale in
malacopterygii

Ctenoid scales of the Paradise Fish, Macropodus

opercularis. Photo: S. Lindsay Australian
Museum
CTENOID

- Found in Acantopterygii
- Shape : very thin ,
transparently, without
dentin and enamel

Scale attitude
Primarily on all of body : operculum until pre

caudalis
Polyodon only below operculum
Mas Kaca only in LL
Tongkol Pre Dorsal and hind head
Half part of scale in dermis sac like roof tile
The outside look more dark because of the
pigment.

circulus

Garis lingkaran pada sisik cycloid & ctenoid

Selalu ber + sepanjang musim, pd musim

dingin pertumbuhan lambat.

Berdempetan/ bertumpuk dsbt annulus (jmk:
annuli) utk menghitung umur ikan
Sisik LL & sisik palsu tdk dpt utk menentukan
umuryg dpt menentukan adalah yg
tertanam dlm tubuh & grs annulinya jelas

Dried scale of a Barramundi showing the growth

rings, or annuli

Scale counting
A. LINEA LATERALIS (LL)

Sisik yg dihitung adalah sisik berpori/ gurat

sisi/ linea lateralis (LL).

Jumlah tdk sama utk masing-masing
spesies.
Dihitung dari dpn /dekat kepala kearah
ekor.
Jika LL tdk lurus (ex. Ikan kuweh) maka
dihitung mengikuti arah LL.
Jika ada 2 (ex. Ikan buntal) maka yg dekat
kepala dihitung lbh dahulu (LL1 & LL2).
Jika banyak (ex. Ikan belanak) yg dihitung
satu saja yg plg tengah.

B. LINEA TRANSVERSALIS (LTr)

LTr adalah sisik transversal/ sisik yg terletak

antara dorsal dg ventral.

Dihitung pangkal terdepan sirip dorsal sampai
LL yg kedua dihitung dari pangkal terdepan
sirip anal kearah LL

Scale Rudimenter
Sisik ketiak dada (pectoral axilliary scale) tdp

di sekitar dasar sirip pectoral

Sisik ketiak perut (pelvic axilliary scale) tdp di
sekitar dasar sirip ventral
Sisik berduri atau sisik lipat ada dua macam
yaitu tdp di depan sirip perut atau pre pelvic
scute dan dibelakang sirip perut (post pelvic
scutes)

Colours
Disebabkan oleh schemachrome butiran2

pigmen

Warna ikan laut dpt dibagi :

a. Hdp di permukaan: perak

b. Hdp di tengah : kemerahan
c. Hdp di dlm/ dasar violet s/d hitam

Biochrome pigmen pembawa warna :

- carotenoid
: kuning merah
- chromolipoid : kuning s/d coklat
- indigoid
: biru, merah, hijau
- melanin
: merah & coklat
- perphyrin (pigmen empedu): merah,
kuning, hijau, biru
- flavins
: kuning dg fluoresensi
hijau
- purine
: putih keperakan
- pterine
: putih, kuning, merah dan
orange

2 macam sel yang memberi warna

ikan Iridocyte (leucophore &

guanophore) sel kaca karena dpt
merefleksikan warna di luar tubuh
tersusun dr guanin

Untuk mengelabui musuh tawes,

kembung, gabus, bandeng, tembang &

kembung bag. Dorsal gelap & anal
putih

Ikan dpt berubah warna krn, menjadi

jelas atau pucat :

- secara cepat stimuli chy & stimuli
mata
- lambat hormon

Mimicri warna menyerupai

lungkungannya.

chromatophore

Tdp dlm dermis tdr dr butir pigmen yg dapat

menyebar dan berkumpul jika berkumpul

memberi warna pucat jika menyebar
membuat warna jadi jelas
Chromatophore dasar ada 4 :
a. Erythrophore : merah & orange
b. Xantophore : kuning
c. Melanophore : hitam
d. Guanophore : putih / keperakan
(irydococyte)

Light organs

Cahaya yg dikeluarkan organ hidup

bioluminescense (kunang-kunang/insekta,
nocticula/ plankton, cacing lamprydae, cumicumi, ikan)
Light sources:
1. bacteri yg bersimbiose dg ikan (di
kantong klj epidermis) ikan leweri
batu(photoblepharon), leweri air
(Anomalops)
2. dikeluarkan oleh ikan (photophore/
photocyte)

Head of a scaleless black dragonfish,

Melanostomias species C, about 5cm in length.
Note chin barbel (to lure prey), yellowish light
organ below eye, and bioluminescent tooth
bases.

Malacocephalus kekuatan chy s/d 10 m, glb

chy 410 600

Light Function:

1. Cahaya jg berfungsi pd proses

reproduksi ikan jantan membimbing
betina ke tempat berpijah
2. Untuk menarik mangsa ikan
pemancing

Poisonous Gland
Mucus modification
Fungsi :

a. mempertahankan diri
b. menyerang musuh
c. mencari makan
Ikan beracun biasanya hidup di dasar air &
gerakannya lamban, contoh : Dasyatidae,
Myliobatidae & chimaera
Racun segar dpt mematikan :
- tikus setelah 11 menit
- kodok stlh 41 menit
- anjing sembuh kembali stlh 8 hari

The poisonous Fish

Lepu tembaga (Synanoeja sp)

hdp di karang/ pasir yg dangkal

racun tdp di lapisan kulit penutup jarijari keras D & V
duri terinjak >kelenjar
tertekan>cairan
racun akan
meresap dlm luka > korban
akan
demam 3 x 24 jam
Baronang (Siganus spp)
kelj racun pd sirip keras D & V
Ikan Pari pd duri ekor
Lele lokal (Indonesia)pd D & P jari-jari
keras
Ikan buntal di empedu

Danke Sehr