Escolar Documentos
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A Topical Approach to
LIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENT
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Motor Development
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Motor Development
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Motor Development
Reflexes
Built-in reactions to stimuli
Govern newborns movements
Genetically carried survival mechanisms
Allow adaptation to environment
Provides opportunity to learn
Some disappear (e.g.: grasping), some
last throughout life (e.g.: coughing)
2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights
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Motor Development
Reflexes
Sucking reflex
Rooting reflex
Moro reflex
Grasping reflex
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Motor Development
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Motor Development
Fig. 5.3
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Motor Development
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Motor Development
The Donts
Motor Development
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Movement
and Aging
Fig. 5.4
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Motor Development
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Motor Development
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Motor Development
Handedness
Genetic inheritance proposed, unproven
Preference of using one hand over other
Right-handedness dominant in all cultures
Right hand preference in thumb-sucking
begins in the womb
Head-turning preference in newborns
Preference later leads to handedness
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Motor Development
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Color
Perceiving Patterns
Depth Perception
Visual
Expectations
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Perceptual Constancy
Size constancy
Shape constancy
Recognition that
object remains
the same even
though the retinal
image changes
Recognition that
object remains the
same even though
its orientation
changes
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Vision in Childhood
Improved color detection, visual expectations,
controlling eye movements (for reading)
Preschoolers may be farsighted
Signs of vision problems
Rubbing eyes, blinking, squinting
Irritability at games requiring distance vision
Closing one eye, tilting head to see, thrusting
head forward to see
2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights
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Glare
Vision
and
Aging
Fig. 5.12
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Hearing
Prenatal
Infancy
Childhood
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Hearing
Fetus hears in last 2 months of pregnancy
Newborns
cannot hear soft sounds well
display auditory preferences
sensitive to human speech
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Hearing
Adolescence
Most have excellent hearing; loud sounds
poses risks
Adulthood
Decline begins about age 40
Males lose sensitivity to high-pitched sounds
sooner than females
Gender differences may be due to occupation
Treatment includes hearing aids
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Other Senses
Sense
Infants
Older Adults
Touch
and Pain
Less sensitive to
pain and touch in
lower extremities
Smell
Loss of some
sense of smell
around age 60
Taste
Decline in taste
of begins in 60s
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Intermodal Perception
Ability to relate and integrate
information about two or more
sensory modalities, such as
vision and hearing
Exists in newborns; sharpens
with experience in first year
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Perceptual-Motor Coupling
Explores how people assemble motor
behaviors for perceiving and acting
Controversial for some researchers
Babies coordinate movements with
perceptual information to maintain
balance, reach for objects, etc.
Driving a car is coupling; declines in late
adulthood
2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights
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The End