SEE 3433

ELECTRICAL MACHINES
Classification of DC machines
DC Generators
- Separately excited
- Armature reaction

CLASSIFICATION OF DC MACHINES
Several possible connections for field and armature circuits
- classification of DC machines is determined by the way
they are connected
Separately excited dc machine
+
Ea

CLASSIFICATION OF DC MACHINES

Shunt dc machine

+
Ea

CLASSIFICATION OF DC MACHINES

Series dc machine

+
Ea

CLASSIFICATION OF DC MACHINES

Compound dc machine - short shunt

+
Ea

CLASSIFICATION OF DC MACHINES

Compound dc machine long shunt

+
Ea

DC GENERATORS

Mechanical output

Electrical input
ELECTRICAL
MACHINES
- Motor -

Electrical output

Mechanical input
ELECTRICAL
MACHINES
- Generator -

DC GENERATORS

Power low from mechanical to electrical

is rotated by a prime mover at constant speed
ElectricalRotor
output
Armature terminal is connected to a load Mechanical input
ELECTRICAL
MACHINES
- Generator -

DC GENERATORS
Separately excited DC generator

+
Ea

DC GENERATORS
Separately excited DC generator
Ra
+
vf

Lf

Rfc
Rfw

Lf - Field winding inductance

Rfc External field resistance

Ea

Vt

Ra Armature winding resistance

La - Armature winding inductance
LL External Load

Rfw Field winding resistance

La

RL

DC GENERATORS
Separately excited DC generator
Ra
+
vf

Lf

Rfc
Rfw

La

Ea

Vt

Under steady state condition Lf and La can be removed

RL

DC GENERATORS
Separately excited DC generator
Ra
+
vf

Rfc
Rfw

Ea

Vt

RL

Under steady state condition Lf and La can be removed from the circuit

DC GENERATORS
Separately excited DC generator
Ra

If
+

Ia
It

Rfc
Rfw

vf

Vf = (Rfc + Rfw)If

Ea

Vt

RL

Ea = IaRa + Vt
Ea = Ka m
Vt = I a R L

also It = Ia

DC GENERATORS
Separately excited DC generator
Terminal characteristic
Load characteristic
Vt

Ea
IaRa
Operating point
Ea = IaRa + Vt

Vt = I a R L

It

DC GENERATORS
Armature Reaction

Flux due to field winding alone

Airgap flux density

DC GENERATORS
Armature Reaction

When armature current flows (i.e. terminal is connected to

the load), armature produces MMF
MMF produces results in flux which will disturb field flux

DC GENERATORS
Armature Reaction

Flux at one side of the pole may saturate

Zero flux region shifted
Flux saturation, effective flux per pole decreases

DC GENERATORS
Armature Reaction
Ea

Eao= Vto without load current

With Ia, AR causes
reduction in Ea since flux
per pole decreases
Ea = Vt + IaRa

Ifield

DC GENERATORS
Armature Reaction
Vt = Ea - IaRa

As Ia increases, Ea
reduces due to AR

DC GENERATORS
Armature Reaction
Vt = Ea - IaRa
Ea = Vt + IaRa

Since AR causes a decrease in Ea , the effect of AR can be considered

as a reduction in field current
If(eff) = If(actual) If(AR)

DC GENERATORS
Armature Reaction
The mmf produced by rotor can be neutralized using compensating winding

Armature current flows in

compensating winding will cancel out
mmf produced by armature winding

DC GENERATORS
Compensating winding

Expensive and normally installed in

large machines