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What is a watershed?
A watershed is the entire drainage area of a stream
Watershed
Topography
Overland flow
Channel flow
300
Surface
Runoff
(perpendicular
to contour lines)
290
280
270
Watershed shape
Soil
Land use
Watershed Shapes
Land use
Poor structure
Less permeable surface sealing
Fine soil particles washed into larger soil pores
Flow measurement
Stream Hydrograph
Discharge (Q)
Peak discharge
ce
Re
Risin
g
b
lim
l i mb
on
s si
Base flow
Base flow
Time (T)
Storm Hydrograph
(Surface runoff only / base flow removed)
Discharge (Q)
Peak discharge
limb
Risin
g
b
lim
ion
ss
ce
Re
Qp
Tbase
Time (T)
Storm Hydrograph
(Surface runoff only / base flow removed)
Discharge (Q) in cfs
100
#1
#2
1
(3600 sec)
4
(14,400 sec)
Time (T) in Hr
Runoff Hydrographs
Complete Runoff Hydrograph Contains:
Development of RO Hydrographs
Most often interested in hydrographs at the
Hydrograph components
qp is the maximum
Effective Rainfall
THE SCS CURVE NUMBER APPROACH
Effective Rainfall
Rainfall that becomes runoff.
Effective Rainfall = Precipitation Initial
Abstractions
Also called Rainfall Excess.
Effective Rainfall=Rainfall Excess=Runoff
Surface depressions
Vegetation interception
Evaporation
Infiltration
of subsoil, etc.
Curve Number
A parameter that combines soil type and land use to
and condition.
Curve Numbers
Impervious areas
Calculate an area-weighted CN
CN = i AiCNi) / ( i Ai)
Example Problem
Given:
35% Cultivated
HSG = D
30% Meadow
HSG = B
Example Problem
1.
2.
91
58
77
Example Problem
3.
4.
5.
Rainfall Hyetograph