GEOM3003 Engineering Surveying (Mining)

GEOM3003 Engineering Surveying (Mining)
The previous Slide Set contains:

Spatial Information
Terrain Modelling
GIS, Geographic Information Systems
This Lecture Notes Slide Set contains:

Introduction to Remote Sensing
The next Silde Set contains:
Introduction to Photogrametry
School of Geography, Planning and Architecture

The University of Queensland
Copyright, 2004
Dr Gerd R Dowideit
THE UNIVERSITY
OF QUEENSLAND
Engineering Surveying (Mining)
Remote Sensing
Lecture 7, Part 1
Start this PowerPoint Session as a Slide Show !
Dr Gerd R Dowideit

Remote Sensing
An Introduction:
What is REMOTE SENSING ?
REMOTE SENSING includes all methods

and techniques used to gain qualitative and
quantitative information about distant
objects without coming into direct contact
with these objects.
Look-Look, NO Touch
Landsat TM
Near IR Band

Remote Sensing
An Introduction:
Remote Sensing (RS) methods try to answer
four basic questions:
HOW MUCH of WHAT is WHERE?
What is the SHAPE and EXTENT of ... ?
(Area, Boundaries, Lineaments, ...)
Has it CHANGED?
What is the MIX of Objects

Remote Sensing
An Introduction:
WHAT: Type, Characteristic and Properties
of Object. eg. Water, Vegetation, Land;
Temperature, Concentration, State of
Development;
Subtype, Species,
Use of ... ;
Includes determination of
generic object type, character and property
as well as its abstract meaning.
=> DATA INTERPRETATION

Remote Sensing
An Introduction:
HOW MUCH: determine by simple
COUNTING, measuring AREA covered or
percentage of total area coverage.
WHERE: Relate locations and area
covered to either a standard map or to the
actual location on the ground where the
object occurs.
NOTE: WHERE also refers to a moment in
time

Remote Sensing
An Introduction:
What is the SHAPE and EXTENT
of ... ? (Area, Boundaries, Lineaments)
This extends the WHERE to be a completely
GEOMETRIC problem. MAP PRODUCTION
methods are to be applied to the analysis of
RS information. These include:
Photogrammetric Methods:
Identification and Delineation of Boundaries
and Lineaments (Roads, Rivers, Fault Lines)

Remote Sensing
An Introduction:
Has it CHANGED?
CHANGE may occur with progress of

TIME.
Change may be detected through
comparison of observed states at different
moments in time.
=> CHANGE DETECTION

Remote Sensing
An Introduction:
What is the MIX of Objects?
The surface of the Earth is covered

by objects like Soil, Water, Grass,
Trees, Houses, Roads and so on.
These are GENERIC OBJECTS. We
know these well, but we also know
objects like Open Forest, Residential
and Industrial Estates, etc. Each of
these ABSTRACT OBJECTS are
made up of a typical collection of
Generic Objects.

Remote Sensing
An Introduction:
Vision
Remote Sensing (Look-Look, No

Touch) is a much wider field than
we will discuss in this lecture
Medical Imaging
series. We will concentrate on that
part of RS dealing with
EARTH RESOURCES
Sound and Radio
Wave Detection

Remote Sensing
An Introduction:
What makes it tick ???
(1) RS requires a CARRIER of
information, which can bridge
distances.
(2) RS requires a SENSOR which can
detect changes in the carried Signal.
(3) RS requires RECORDING,
ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION and
REPRESENTATION of the sensed
information in a purposeful way.
(1) RS requires a CARRIER of information,

which can bridge distances.
These Carriers of Information are FIELDS of
FORCES:
* Pressure Wave Fields of Sound,
* Gravity Force Fields,
* Magnetic Force Fields and
* Electro-magnetic Force Fields.
The latter are of our main interest, since
they include visible and invisible LIGHT.

Remote Sensing
An Introduction:
distances.
(2) RS requires a SENSOR which can detect

changes in the carried Signal.
Apart from our own eyes and ears,
technology has provided us with a
multitude of sensors operating in the
detection of force fields:
microphones, geophones,
photographic film, video cameras and photo
detectors,
radio wave receivers, gravimeters and
magnetometers.

Remote Sensing
An Introduction:
distances.
(3) RS requires RECORDING, ANALYSIS,

INTERPRETATION and REPRESENTATION
of the sensed information in a purposeful
way.
This is a technique based topic. It is
essential for the success or failure of RS
in respect of its anticipated purpose.
This topic will be dealt with in its main
aspects (but not completely).

Remote Sensing
An Introduction: What is Remote Sensing

Source of Force
Field
Sensor System eg. Camera
DATA
ACQUISITION
Reflection
Resulting RS Data
Set
eg. Image

Remote Sensing
An Introduction: What is Remote Sensing

DATA
PROCESSING
Interpretation
(secondary) Measurements
Data Processing & Mapping (geometric)
Presentation of Processing Results
Explaining deduced OBJECT INFORMATION
RS Data Set
eg. Image
Model of Real World
Remote Sensing
Electromagnetic Radiation:
Fraunhofer discovered black lines
in the spectrum of light emitted by
various superheated chemical
elements. These lines were as
Fraunhofer Lines
typical for each of the elements as
fingerprints for humans.
Dispersion of Light
through a refractive
prism
Chemical Composition of
objects effects emitted ER in
a unique way for each
element.
(found empirically by
observation)
Remote Sensing
In Einstein's formula
E = mc^2
E = Energy
Fraunhofer Lines m = mass (of matter/object)
c = propagation velocity of
light
What does that tell us ?
There is a well defined relationship
between MATTER, ENERGY and
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
(eg. light)
Dispersion of Light
through a refractive
prism
E = mc
Remote Sensing
The basic building blocks of all matter are ATOMS
The basic building blocks of Atoms are the
NUCLEUS (Neutrons and Protons) and several
ELECTRONS.
Electrons are thought to be spinning around the
Nucleus at orbits of different, but well pre-defined
discrete sequential radii.
A change in the energy level contained in an atom
(eg. by heating or cooling) changes
the balance of forces inside the atom will
automatically adept to energy level changes by
moving electrons to higher or lower orbits.
Remote Sensing
The loss of energy from an atom causes
electrons to drop back to lower orbits
which is of interest to us.
One widely accepted theory says, that
atoms lose energy in form of
Electromagnetic Radiation
One theory explains ER as a WAVE field,
Wave
another as a field of a stream of
PHOTONS, particles so small that they
Photonhave no mass.
Both are said to propagate at light speed.
Energy differential = 1 Plancks Quantum
E = mc^2
Remote Sensing
Some atoms may have been charged to a higher
energy level; pushing electrons further than
one orbital level. In turn they can drop back
over more than one orbit level: more energy
than one Quantum
Gerds interpretation:
Since c is constant, all photons travel about
300,000 km/sec
Those with a higher energy charge will use a
Wave
more wiggly (thus, longer) wave path than
those with lesser charge.
Photon
Energy differential = 1 Plancks Quantum
E = mc^2
Remote Sensing
Wave characteristics:
= Wave length = distance between consecutive
wave peaks (measured in m)
f = frequency = number of wave peaks (wiggles) in
the wave train propagating for 1 sec (measured in
Hz)
=c/f
Summing up:
High Energy Radiation proceeds at higher
frequencies (shorter wavelength compares to low
Wave
energy radiation.
Photon
Radiation wave length mix depends on amount of
(heat) energy contain in matter.
=>PLANCKs LAW
c = const ~ 300000
km/sec
Energy
differential = 1 Plancks Quantum
E = mc^2
Remote Sensing
WIENs LAW
PLANCKs LAW
Total Radiation
Total Radiation
Energy emitted
Energy emitted
Radiation Energy Curves for
Radiation Energy Curve for
an object (BLACK BODY) at
an object (BLACK BODY)
various constant temperatures.
6000K
at constant temperature.
3000k
1000K
peak
300K
short
Wave Length
long
short
Wave Length
Radiation output curves for ideal (Black Body) objects
long
Remote Sensing
The Average Temperature of Earths Surface

rarely exceeds 300 K, an object
temperature to low to provide for
EMITTED RADIATION of sufficient
strength to register on most of the
available sensors (except in thermal IR
sensors).
(Even warm nights can be pitch black)
WIENs LAW
Total Radiation
Energy emitted
Radiation Energy Curves for
an object (BLACK BODY) at
various constant temperatures.
6000K
The surface of the Suns outer atmosphere
3000k
(photosphere) has a temperature of about
1000K
300K
5800K, hot enough to provide adequate
short
Wave Length
long
radiation energy. (Peak output in GREEN

of visible light).
Most RS systems utilise reflected sun light.
Remote Sensing
QUESTION: Does incident
sun light interact in a
similar way with matter as
described is the case for
emitted radiation?
ANSWER:
YES!
ER (including light) is a
form of energy (as is heat).
Matter (atoms) can absorb
as well as emit energy.
Objects under illumination by sun light

will partially absorb radiation.
Absorption level varies with wave
length depending on chemical
composition of the object
Radiation not absorbed is mostly
reflected and available for RS.
=> Spectral Signatures
Remote Sensing
ER, the Physical Basis of RS
Examples of Spectral Signatures
Reflectance
(of Sun Light)
Vegetation (green)
50
Bare Soil (Grey/Brown)
Water (clear)
0
(<= UV)
0.4 (blue) 0.5 (green) 0.6 (red)0.7 (IR=>)0.8
GN238 Introduction to Remote Sensing
01/10/97
1.0
m
5
Remote Sensing
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
(not to exact scale; see Textbook)
10^-6
10^-3
Wave Length
0.1 1
100
10^5
10^8 m
Sound
not part of ER)
-Rays
X-Ray
MicroWave
UV
TV/Radio
Thermal Infrared
Visible
Near & Mid Infrared
Blue Green Red

0.4
0.5
0.6
Note: outside
the visible Range,
no colours or
shades will be
perceived.
0.7 m
01/10/97
Remote Sensing
The General Remote Sensing Model
Radiation
Source
I = Incident ER
R = Reflected
A = Absorbed
T = Transmitted
S = Scattering
Sensor
I
R
Simplified
RadiationBalance
I=R+A+T
R=I-A-T
Remote Sensing
Reflectance
(of Sun Light)
A bright Idea for RS

R
IR
Vegetation (green)
Bare Soil (Grey/Brown)
50
Truth Table
Veg.
G med
R low
IR high+
0
(<= UV) 0.4 (blue) 0.5 (green) 0.6 (red) 0.7 (IR=>) 0.8
01/10/97
1.0
Soil
med
high
high
m
8
Remote Sensing
Truth Table
A bright Idea for RS

G
IR
Veg.
G med
R low
IR high+
Soil
med
high
high
Remote Sensing
Image
Display
Remote Sensing
Ekati Diamond Mine,
Northwest Territories
1989
1994
1999
Change Detection:
Impact of Mine Development on
the Environment
Colour coded
Compsite
Remote Sensing
Spectral Classification of a Landsat MSS scene
Remote Sensing
Using Fraunhofers Observations
The variation in Radiation output from a REAL OBJECT depends on its
chemical composition. Water has a different SPECTRAL SIGNATURE than
soil or chlorophyll containing leaf matter, etc.
QUESTIONS:
Can we use these facts to
measure object
temperatures?
Can we use these facts to
identify the chemical
composition of objects and
can we use the latter to
identify the object itself?
Radiation Energy Curve for

an object at constant temperature.
Gerds real
object
short
Wave Length
long

GEOM3003 Engineering Surveying (Mining)

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GEOM3003 Engineering Surveying (Mining)

The previous Slide Set contains:

This Lecture Notes Slide Set contains:

School of Geography, Planning and Architecture

Engineering Surveying (Mining)